The Salem Witch Trials For Women With English Puritan...

1692. The year of ill children, women fits of convulsion, and hallucinations. The year also consisted of swimming tests and prayer tests for women with English Puritan backgrounds. The Salem witch trials occurred in Massachusetts between 1692 and 1693. More than 300 people were accused of practicing witchcraft (the Devil s magic). 20 woman were executed. Before all of this happened, life in Salem was like any normal day. Women and children had expectations as well as men did, you did not disobey God nor go against him, or act out of character. Life in the 1690’s was more of a man’s world and which always gave them the upper hand. Women were always looked down upon which gave men greater power. Unlike God’s followers (men), women were considered evil worshipers of the devil. During the trials, men proved that they really did have the upper hand. In the winter of 1628-1629 Massachusetts was a dark and reveling place. Puritans colonized Salem in 1628. It was the beginning of Massachusetts Bay Colonies. Salem was being considered as the largest trial American history has seen (Hoffer), a place of devil worship and deception. Many English protestants, also known as Puritans were being accused of witchcraft and worshiping the devil. Witchcraft was known as giving the devil permission to go into that person’s body, take their shape and go around harming other people. As hysteria spread, more women were hearing of this matter, a witch-hunt began in the village of Salem.Show MoreRelatedSalem Witch Trials Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor event in history in the town of Salem, Massachusetts. The Salem Witchcraft Trials still leaves this country with so many questions as to what happened in that small town. With all the documentation and accounts of the story, people are still wondering why 19 people died as a result of these trials. This paper will discuss the events leading up to the Salem Witch Trials and the events that took place during and after the trials, and the men and women who were killed or spent the remainderRead MoreReasons Behind The Salem Witch Trials1568 Words   |  7 Pages30, 1017 Reasons behind the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 The Salem Witch Trials were a series of trials in the 1690s which accused society members of practicing witchcraft, they took place in Salem, Massachusets. What caused this mass hysteria to occur? Some contributing factors could include some socio-economic reasons, an overbearing Puritan society and the influential sense that witchcraft was taking place all over the world. Massachusetts was settled by English puritans, faithful Anglican peopleRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesBefore 1692, the supernatural was a part of people’s everyday normal life. This is so as people strongly believed that Satan was present and active on earth. Men and women in Salem Village believed that all the misfortunes that befell them were the work of the devil. For example, when things like infant death, crop failures or friction among the congregation occurred, people were quick to blame the supernatural. This concept first emerged in Europe around the fifteenth century and then spread toRead MoreWitches And More - Black Cats, Owls, And Ghosts Essay1948 Words   |  8 Pagesback to the source of it all. The belief in so called power called magic. In reality though witchcraft was deemed a dark magic. Such accusations of witchery took place in a town called Salem where trials were held for the accused, these trials were called the Salem w itch trials. The Salem witch trials took place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. This was a very dark time in colonial history; people were not only accused of what they called witchcraft, but even killed because of the hysteria that evolvedRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller2373 Words   |  10 Pages In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible how do the actions of the characters show the motives of the Puritan people during the time of the Salem Witch trials? Laurie Jacques Essex County Newark Tech Abstract This paper discusses the human traits that Puritans portray in the Salem witch trials which are manipulation, desires, and motives. It analyzes six resources on research conducted on motives, manipulation and on The Crucible. The articles all have the same views on motivationsRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : Crisis1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials: Crisis in Salem Village Many people know of the Salem witch trials that took place in Salem, Massachusetts in the year 1692 spilling over into the year 1693. But for those who do not know, the Salem witch trials were a series of trials against men, women, and children accused of being a witch and or practicing witchcraft. In â€Å"The Devils Snare: The Salem Witch Trials of 1692† by Mary Beth Norton, the author recollects the stories of real life accounts of those accusers andRead MoreThe Crucible And Mob Mentality1154 Words   |  5 Pagesliterature, the authors illustrate the hysteria the people of Salem and Northampton experienced, and how they dealt with their troubles together. Moreover, groups of people who share the same beliefs can conform to a certain idea, whether it is correct or not. To begin, both The Crucible and â€Å"Half-Hanged Mary† are inspired by true, historical events. Both works focused on the behaviors of the towns Salem and Northampton during their witch trials, where the civilians displayed extreme behavior driven byRead MoreSimilarities Between The Crucible And Half-Hanged Mary1154 Words   |  5 PagesMob Mentality in Puritan Era-Based Literature How many times has an action by one person influenced crowds of people to follow? This scenario has taken place numerous times throughout history. This psychological occurrence is known as â€Å"mob mentality†: when a group of people is influenced by a person’s actions to change their behavior and think as a group. During the time period that The Crucible by Arthur Miller and â€Å"Half-Hanged Mary† by Margaret Atwood took place, the people worked together to dealRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Are An Outstanding Example Of A Dysfunction1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe Salem witch trials are an outstanding example of a dysfunction in a â€Å"perfect† society. Tituba as part of that society helps us understand the simplicity of a complex shaped idea. Notwithstanding that Tituba is considered irrelevant during the Salem trials, nevertheless Tituba exposes European perceptions of Native Americans as a basis for cultural superiority and oppression, since Tituba is an indisputable symbol of injustice, slavery, racism, as well as the defamation of her culture. The decisionsRead MoreMoral Instruction in the Crucible1599 Words   |  7 PagesSydney Levy IB Candidate #000536-XXX HL English: World Literature Assignment 21 May 2013 Moral Instruction in The Crucible The world-famous and highly influential play, The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, was written in an effort to make the public aware of one of the most awful chapters in history, and the goal of the author was to use the characters and events as a vehicle to communicate the moral lessons that should be learned from these examples of flawed human behavior. Various themes and

World of Gods and the World of Men as Perceived by the...

World of Gods and the World of Men as Perceived by the Sumerians Evolutions of civilizations can occur because of differences in people’s religion, culture, or geographic setting of the settlement. The relationship between the world of the gods and that of men was perceived differently by the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Hebrew ancient civilizations. This is demonstrated by the way each group viewed the process of creation. They had different thoughts on the creation of their gods, the universe and of man. This essay will discuss the relationship between humans and their gods in three different ancient civilizations: Sumerian, Egyptian and Hebrew. The Sumerians lived in a harsh climate. They were located between two rivers, the†¦show more content†¦However, there was pessimism in their view of their own living conditions. They felt that the condition of their civilization was not improving and would not improve in the future because of the harshness of their gods. Another example of how the Sumerians felt about their gods came from The Epic of Gilgamesh. The gods brutally punished Enkidu, causing him death, because he aided Gilgamesh in killing the Bull of Heaven and Humbaba. This is portrayed in a quote by Anu, a Sumerian god, â€Å"Because they have killed the Bull of Heaven, and because they have killed Humbaba who guarded the cedar mountain one of the two must die†. Since Gilgamesh was part god, the gods chose to kill Enkidu, the full human. This demonstrates how merciless the Sumerians portrayed their gods. Egyptian geography was more promising than that of the Sumerians. The land on both sides of the Nile was very fertile, due to annual flooding. The flooding was very predictable which helped the Egyptians see the universe as a well ordered system. This resulted in an early sense of nationalism among the Egyptians, which was very different from that of the Sumerian civilization. Due to the expansive geography of Egypt, the people were very spread out. Some tribes settled into Upper E gypt and others closer to the Mediterranean Sea in Lower Egypt. Each individual tribeShow MoreRelatedAncient Egyptian Art : Ancient Egypt776 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Egyptian is one of the oldest countries in the world. It is divided into three kingdoms Old, Middle, and New. Today I will be discussing the beautiful Queen Nefertiti and her kingdom. She comes from the New Kingdom. Her name means the beautiful women has come and her husband who was Pharaoh Akhenaten ruled during the 14 century B.C. Artwork from the day depicts the couple in an unusually naturalistic and individualistic style, more so than from earlier eras. Ancient EgyptianRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh 1523 Words   |  7 Pagesfocuses on Gilgamesh who is a king, goddess and man in the ancient Sumerian City state of Uruk. Gilgamesh is presented as the strongest and handsome man in the world but this makes the king feel superior to his subjects.’ Gilgamesh exploits young men through tiresome activities. In addition, Gilgamesh sexually exploits young women in his Kingdom until the residents of Urk cannot take any more and prays to gods for deliverance. The god Adu hears the residents’ travails and commands the goddess AruruRead MoreA Study Of Gender Relations Essay2350 Words   |  10 Pagesstructures became formalized by the introduction of legislation and the execution of social norms through formal legal systems. The study of gender relations as opposed to the historical progression of law systems and cultural norms in the ancient world of the ancient Near East is primarily visible in the ancient Near Eastern cultures of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Hatti. The cultures of Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt were in a constant state of evolution. The Near East produced many of the world’s earliestRead MoreHow Writing Is Important For The Creation Of Organized Societies1564 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they also used pictures to represent a word, syllable, or sound. The ancient world, where we will examine the effects of these writing systems, is commonly regarded as the region that is located around the Mediterranean and the Near East before the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 ad. The invention of writing had a crucial impact on the political, social, and cultural structures of the ancient world. Impacts to the political structure refer to ways in which management or rule was successfullyRead MoreThe World Of The Arab Caliphate2066 Words   |  9 PagesPersian Gulf and East Asia. In these areas there were strong state Sumerians, Babylonians and Assyrians ruled by the legendary Queen of Sheba OED and won Persian kings Cyrus and Darya and rapidly penetrate the Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great. In this area has developed science and art flourished, particularly architecture and sculpture, to whose beauty, monumentality and often inexplicable technique glad to admire the world all the time. Finally, the space in recent history has become a battlefieldRead MoreAmazon Women1738 Words   |  7 Pageswriters such as Homer, Aeschylus, and Hellanicus have described the women as warriors who fought ruthlessly, killed or mutilated male offspring, had promiscuous sex with anyone in order to get pregnant, and lived in a matriarchal society. They were perceived to be as beautiful as they were cruel. Lyn Webster Wilde author of On the trail of Warrior Women: The Amazons in Myth and History, is an English broadcaster with a degree in English literature from Cambridge. She first encountered the Amazon warriorRead MoreHistory of Biblical Angels2159 Words   |  9 Pagesencourage actions as the ones did to Elijah and David. In these cases, angels were bringing messages from the divine world, or Heaven, to men and women in the earthly human world. It is believed that the messages with angels also work in the reversed sense as well; meaning from human being to angel to God. It is said that ‘the soul speaks to the angel, the angel to the cherub, the cherub to God.’ This type of communication would explain the function of angels that are found on altars in many Catholic churchesRead MoreEssay about Ecofeminism4924 Words   |  20 PagesEcofeminism The first part of this essay will outline the main arguments of the feminist ecologists and deal with the concept of Ecofeminism. The second part will sketch the main arguments of Rosemary Radford Reuther book, Gaia and God. The final part of this essay will analyze: Starhawks The Spiral Dance, Witchcraft as Goddess Religion, The Homeric Hymn to Demeter, and the Descent of Inanna and examine the pros and cons of the position that a return to goddess worship would save ourRead MoreMartin Buber5681 Words   |  23 Pagespractical, realistic workers who would create a utopian world. In fact, this dichotomy which began in the Renaissance and became a gaping wound in the 17th and 18th centuries as we embraced science and reason as our god, has allowed for 20th century aberrations like Hitler and his Aryan ubermenchen or Stalin and his totalitarian state. Clearly, the 20th century mind is in dire need of healing. But only reinventing a healthy vision of humans in the world, one which integrates both the rational bent andRead MoreAgriculture, Horticulture And Ancient Egypt3029 Words   |  13 Pagesabove-mentioned subtopics and indicate their contribution in the development of agriculture and horticulture in Egypt and the world at large. The description of agriculture resembles that of farming. Thus, agriculture is the business, science or occupation of cultivating land, raising livestock and producing crops (El-Ramady et al, 2013). Before the prospects of agriculture, ancient world people used the activities of gathering and hunting as their means of survival. Thus, agriculture preceded the practice

Project on DTMF Based Home Automation Essay Sample free essay sample

Traditionally electrical contraptions in a place are controlled via switches that regulate the electricity to these devices. As the universe gets more and more technologically advanced. we find new engineering coming in deeper and deeper into our personal lives even at place. Home mechanization is going more and more popular around the universe and is going a common pattern. The procedure of place mechanization plants by doing everything in the house automatically controlled utilizing engineering to command and make the occupations that we would usually make manually. Home mechanization takes attention of a batch of different activities in the house. this undertaking we propose a alone System for Home mechanization using Dual Tone Multi Frequency ( DTMF ) that is paired with a radio faculty to supply seamless radio control over many devices in a house. The block diagram is a shown below. This user console has many keys. each matching to the device that needs to be activated. The encoder encodes the user pick and sends via a FM sender. The FM receiving system receives the modulated signal and demodulates it and the user pick is determined by the DTMF decipherer. Based upon this the needed contraption is triggered. IntroductionThe purpose of the proposed system is to develop a cost effectual solution that will supply controlling of place contraptions remotely and enable place security against invasion in the absence of householder. The system provides handiness due to development of a low cost system. The place contraptions control system with an low-cost cost was thought to be built that should be nomadic supplying distant entree to the contraptions and leting place security. Though devices connected as place and office contraptions consume electrical power. These devices should be controlled every bit good as bend on/off if required. Most of the times it was done manually. Now it is a necessity to command devices more efficaciously and expeditiously at anytime from anyplace. In this system. we are traveling to develop a cellular phone based home/office contraption. This system is designed for commanding arbitrary devices. it includes a cell phone ( non included with the system kit. terminal u ser has to link his/her cell phone to the system ) which is connect to the system via caput set. To active the cellular phone unit on the system a call is to be made and as the call is answered. in response the user would come in a two/three figure watchword to entree the system to command devices. As the company imperativeness the specific watchword. it consequences in turning ON or OFF specific device. The device shift is achieved by Relays. Security preserved because these dedicated watchwords owned and known by selected individuals merely. For case. our system contains an dismay unit giving the user a distant on/off mechanism. which is capable of informing up to five different Numberss over telephone web about the nature of the event. The implicit in rule chiefly relies up on the ability of DTMF ( Double Tune Multi Frequency ) ICs to bring forth DTMF matching to a figure or codification in the figure tablet and to observe the same figure or codification from its matching DTMF. In item. a DTMF generator generates two frequences matching to a figure or codification in the figure tablet which will be transmitted through the communicating webs. represen ting the sender subdivision which is merely tantamount to a nomadic set. In the receiving system portion. the DTMF sensor IC. for illustration IC MT 8870 detects the figure or codification represented by DTMF back. through the review of the two transmitted frequences. The DTMF frequences stand foring the number/ codifications are shown below. BLOCK DIAGRAM Power Supply TELEPHONE RELAY DTMF 8051 MICROCONT ROLLER ULN2003 Relay Relay CIRCUIT DIAGRAM COMPONENT LISTSr. no 1 2 3 4 5 6 Equipment IC 8051 MC MT 8870 DTMF IC Crystal ( 3. 579545mhz ) VOLTAGE REGULATOR 2 LINE LCD DISPLAY CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR ( 11. 0592mhz ) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 DIODE PUSH BUTTON LEDS 1 1 4 Measure 1 1 1 1 1 1 RESISTER ( 220? . 4. 7k? . 10k? ) BOX CAPACITORS ( 10uf. 1000uf ) RELAYS Bc547 5 2 2 A Brief INTRODUCTION TO 8051 MICROCONTROLLER: When we have to larn about a new computing machine we have to familiarise about the machine capableness we are utilizing. and we can make it by analyzing the internal hardware design ( devices architecture ) . and besides to cognize about the size. figure and the size of the registries. A microcontroller is a individual bit that contains the processor ( the CPU ) . non-volatile memory for the plan ( ROM or flash ) . volatile memory for input and end product ( RAM ) . a clock and an I/O control unit. Besides called a â€Å"computer on a bit. † one million millions of microcontroller units ( MCUs ) are embedded each twelvemonth in a myriad of merchandises from playthings to contraptions to cars. For illustration. a individual vehicle can utilize 70 or more microcontrollers. The undermentioned image describes a general block diagram of microcontroller. AT89S52: The AT89S52 is a low-power. high-performanceCMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured utilizing Atmel’s high-density nonvolatilizable memory engineering and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 direction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the plan memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatilizable memory coder. By uniting a various 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a massive bit. the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller. which provides a extremely flexible and cost-efficient solution to many. embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard characteristics: 8K bytes of Flash. 256 bytes of RAM. 32 I/O lines. Watchdog timer. two information arrows. three 16-bit timer/counters. a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture. a full semidetached house consecutive port. on-chip oscillator. and clock circuitry. In add-on. the AT89S52 is designed with inactive logic for operation down to zero frequence and supports two package selectable power salvaging manners. The Idle Mode stops the CPU whil e leting the RAM. timer/counters. consecutive port. and interrupt system to go on working. The Power-down manner saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator. disenabling all other bit maps until the following interrupt. The hardware is driven by a set of plan instructions. or package. Once familiar with hardware and package. the user can so use the microcontroller to the jobs easy. The pin diagram of the 8051 shows all of the input/output pins alone to microcontrollers: The followers are some of the capablenesss of 8051 microcontroller. 1. Internal ROM and RAM 2. I/O ports with programmable pins 3. Timers and counters 4. Consecutive informations communicating The 8051 architecture consists of these specific characteristics: ? 16 spot PC A ; informations arrow ( DPTR ) ? 8 spot plan position word ( PSW ) ? 8 spot stack arrow ( SP ) ? Internal ROM 4k ? Internal RAM of 128 bytes. ? 4 registry Bankss. each incorporating 8 registries ? 80 spots of general intent informations memory ? 32 input/output pins arranged as four 8 spot ports: P0-P3 ? Two 16 spot timer/counters: T0-T1 ? Two external and three internal interrupt beginnings Oscillator and clock circuits. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:1. Power Supply:Power supply is a mention to a beginning of electrical power. A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an end product burden or group of tonss is called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most normally applied to electrical energy supplies. less frequently to mechanical 1s. and seldom to others. Here in our application we need a 5v DC power supply for all electronics involved in the undertaking. This requires step down transformer. rectifier. electromotive force regulator. and filter circuit for coevals of 5v DC power. Here a brief description of all the constituents are given as follows: Transformer:transformer is a device that transportations electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled music directors — the transformer’s coils or â€Å"windings† . Except for air-core transformers. the music directors are normally wound around a individual iron-rich nucleus. or around separate but magneticallycoupled nucleuss. A changing current in the first or â€Å"primary† twist creates a variable magnetic field in the nucleus ( or nucleuss ) of the transformer. This changing magnetic field induces a changing electromotive force ( EMF ) or â€Å"voltage† in the â€Å"secondary† twist. This consequence is called common initiation. If a burden is connected to the secondary circuit. electric charge will flux in the secondary twist of the transformer and reassign energy from the primary circuit to the burden connected in the secondary circuit. The secondary induced electromotive force VS. of an ideal transformer. is scaled from the primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio of the figure of bends of wire in their several twists: By appropriate choice of the Numberss of bends. a transformer therefore allows an alternating electromotive force to be stepped up — by doing NS more than NP — or stepped down. by doing it BASIC PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER In its most basic signifier a transformer consists of: ? ? ? A primary spiral or twist. A secondary spiral or twist. A nucleus that supports the spirals or twists. Mention to the transformer circuit in figure as you read the undermentioned account: The primary twist is connected to a 60-hertz Ac electromotive force beginning. The magnetic field ( flux ) builds up ( expands ) and collapses ( contracts ) about the primary twist. The spread outing and undertaking magnetic field around the primary twist cuts the secondary twist and induces an alternating electromotive force into the twist. This electromotive force causes jumping current to flux through the burden. The electromotive force may be stepped up or down depending on the design of the primary and secondary twists. THE COMPONENTS OF A TRANSFORMER Two spirals of wire ( called twists ) are wound on some type of nucleus stuff. In some instances the spirals of wire are wound on a cylindrical or rectangular composition board signifier. In consequence. the nucleus stuff is air and the transformer is called an AIR-CORE TRANSFORMER. Transformers used at low frequences. such as 60 Hz and 400 Hz. necessitate a nucleus of low-reluctance magnetic stuff. normally iron. This type of transformer is called an IRON-CORE TRANSFORMER. Most power transformers are of the iron-core type. The rule parts of a transformer and their maps are: ? ? The CORE. which provides a way for the magnetic lines of flux. The PRIMARY WINDING. which receives energy from the Ac beginning. The SECONDARY WINDING. which receives energy from the primary twist and delivers it to the burden. The ENCLOSURE. which protects the above constituents from soil. wet. and mechanical harm. BRIDGE RECTIFIERA span rectifier makes usage of four rectifying tubes in a span agreement to accomplish full-wave rectification. This is a widely used constellation. both with single rectifying tubes wired as shown and with individual constituent Bridgess where the rectifying tube span is wired internally. Basic operation Harmonizing to the conventional theoretical account of current flow originally established by Benjamin Franklin and still followed by most applied scientists today. current is assumed to flux through electrical music directors from the positive to the negative pole. In actuality. free negatrons in a music director about ever flow from the negative to the positive pole. In the huge bulk of applications. nevertheless. the existent way of current flow is irrelevant. Therefore. in the treatment below the conventional theoretical account is retained. In the diagrams below. when the input connected to the left corner of the diamond is positive. and the input connected to the right corner is negative. current flows from the upper supply terminus to the right along the ruddy ( positive ) way to the end product. and returns to the lower supply terminal via the blue ( negative ) way. When the input connected to the left corner is negative. and the input connected to the right corner is positive. current flows from the lower supply terminus to the right along the ruddy way to the end product. and returns to the upper supply terminal via the bluish way. In each instance. the upper right end product remains positive and lower right end product negative. Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC. this circuit non merely produces a DC end product from an AC input. it can besides supply what is sometimes called â€Å"reverse mutual opposition protection† . That is. it permits normal operation of DC-powered equipment when batteries have been installed backwards. or when the leads ( wires ) from a DC power beginning have been reversed. and protects the equipment from possible harm caused by rearward mutual opposition. Prior to handiness of incorporate electronics. such a span rectifier was ever constructed from distinct constituents. Since about 1950. a individual four-terminal constituent incorporating the four rectifying tubes connected in the span constellation became a standard commercial constituent and is now available with assorted electromotive force and current evaluations. OUTPUT SMOOTHING For many applications. particularly with individual stage AC where the full-wave span serves to change over an AC input into a DC end product. the add-on of a capacitance may be desired because the span entirely supplies an end product o f fixed mutual opposition but continuously changing or â€Å"pulsating† magnitude ( see diagram above ) . The map of this capacitance. known as a reservoir capacitance ( or smoothing capacitance ) is to decrease the fluctuation in ( or ‘smooth’ ) the rectified AC end product electromotive force wave form from the span. One account of ‘smoothing’ is that the capacitance provides a low electric resistance way to the AC constituent of the end product. cut downing the AC electromotive force across. and AC current through. the resistive burden. In less proficient footings. any bead in the end product electromotive force and current of the span tends to be canceled by loss of charge in the capacitance. This charge flows out as extra current through the burden. Thus the alteration of burden current and electromotive force is reduced comparative to what would happen without the capacitance. Additions of electromotive force correspondingly store extra charge in the capacitance. therefore chairing the alteration in end product electromotive force / current. The simplified circuit shown has a well-deserved repute for being unsafe. because. in some applications. the capacitance can retain a deadly charge after the AC power beginning is removed. If providing a unsafe electromotive force. a practical circuit should include a dependable manner to safely dispatch the capacitance. If the normal burden can non be guaranteed to execute this map. possibly because it can be disconnected. the circuit should include a hemophiliac resistance connected every bit near as practical across the capacitance. This resistance should devour a current big plenty to dispatch the capacitance in a sensible clip. but little plenty to minimise unneeded power waste. Because a hemophiliac sets a minimal current drain. the ordinance of the circuit. defined as per centum electromotive force alteration from lower limit to maximum burden. is improved. However in many instances the betterment is of undistinguished magnitude. The capacitance and the burden opposition have a typical clip changeless ? = RC where C and R are the electrical capacity and burden opposition severally. Equally long as the burden resistance is big plenty so that this clip changeless is much longer than the clip of one rippling rhythm. the above constellation will bring forth a smoothened DC electromotive force across the burden. In some designs. a series resistance at the load side of the capacitance is added. The smoothing can so be improved by adding extra phases of capacitor–resistor braces. frequently done merely for sub-supplies to critical high-gain circuits that tend to be sensitive to provide voltage noise. The idealised wave forms shown supra are seen for both electromotive force and current when the burden on the span is resistive. When the burden includes a smoothing capacitance. both the electromotive force and the current wave forms will be greatly changed. While the electromotive force is smoothed. as described above. current will flux through the span merely during the clip when the input electromotive force is greater than the capacitance electromotive force. For illustration. if the burden draws an mean current of n Amps. and the rectifying tubes conduct for 10 % of the clip. the mean diode current during conductivity must be 10n Amps. This non-sinusoidal current leads to harmonic deformation and a hapless power factor in the AC supply. In a practical circuit. when a capacitance is straight connected to the end product of a span. the span diodes must be sized to defy the current rush that occurs when the power is turned on at the extremum of the AC electromotive force and the capacitance is to the full discharged. Sometimes a little series resistance is included before the capacitance to restrict this current. though in most applications the power supply transformer’s opposition is already sufficient. End product can besides be smoothed utilizing a choking coil and 2nd capacitance. The choking coil tends to maintain the current ( instead than the electromotive force ) more changeless. Due to the comparatively high cost of an effectual choking coil compared to a resistance and capacitance this is non employed in modern equipment. Some early console wirelesss created the speaker’s changeless field with the current from the high electromotive force ( â€Å"B +† ) power supply. which was so routed t o the devouring circuits. ( lasting magnets were so excessively weak for good public presentation ) to make the speaker’s changeless magnetic field. The talker field spiral therefore performed 2 occupations in one: it acted as a choking coil. filtrating the power supply. and it produced the magnetic field to run the talker. REGULATOR IC ( 78XX )It is a three pin IC used as a electromotive force regulator. It converts unregulated DC current into regulated DC current. Normally we get fixed end product by linking the electromotive force regulator at the end product of the filtered DC ( see in above diagram ) . It can besides be used in circuits to acquire a low DC electromotive force from a high DC electromotive force ( for illustration we use 7805 to acquire 5V from 12V ) . There are two types of electromotive force regulators 1. fixed electromotive force regulators ( 78xx. 79xx ) 2. variable electromotive force regulators ( LM317 ) In fixed electromotive force regulators there is another categorization 1. +ve electromotive force regulators 2. -ve electromotive force regulators POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS This include 78xx electromotive force regulators. The most normally used 1s are 7805 and 7812. 7805 gives fixed 5V DC electromotive force if input electromotive force is in ( 7. 5V. 20V ) . The Capacitor Filter The simple capacitance filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The application of the simple capacitance filter is really limited. It is sometimes used on highly high-potential. low-current power supplies for cathode-ray and similar negatron tubings. which require really small load current from the supply. The capacitance filter is besides used where the power-supply rippling frequence is non critical ; this frequence can be comparatively high. The capacitance ( C1 ) shown in figure 4-15 is a simple filter connected across the end product of the rectifier in analogue with the burden. Full-wave rectifier with a capacitance filter. When this filter is used. the RC charge clip of the filter capacitance ( C1 ) must be short and the RC discharge clip must be long to extinguish ripple action. In other words. the capacitance must bear down up fast. sooner with no discharge at all. Better filtrating besides consequences when the input frequence is high ; hence. the full-wave rectifier end product is easier to filtrate than that of the half-wave rectifier because of its higher frequence. For you to hold a better apprehension of the consequence that filtrating has on Eavg. a comparing of a rectifier circuit with a filter and one without a filter is illustrated in positions A and B of figure 416. The end product wave forms in figure 4-16 represent the unfiltered and filtered end products of the half-wave rectifier circuit. Current pulsations flow through the burden opposition ( RL ) each clip a rectifying tube conducts. The dotted line indicates the mean value of end produc t electromotive force. For the half-wave rectifier. Eavg is less than half ( or about 0. 318 ) of the extremum end product electromotive force. This value is still much less than that of the applied electromotive force. With no capacitance connected across the end product of the rectifier circuit. the wave form in position A has a big pulsating constituent ( rippling ) compared with the norm or dc constituent. When a capacitance is connected across the end product ( position B ) . the mean value of end product electromotive force ( Eavg ) is increased due to the filtrating action of capacitance C1. UNFILTERED Half-wave rectifier with and without filtrating. FILTERED The value of the capacitance is reasonably big ( several microfarads ) . therefore it presents a comparatively low reactance to the throbing current and it shops a significant charge. The rate of charge for the capacitance is limited merely by the opposition of the conducting rectifying tube. which is comparatively low. Therefore. the RC charge clip of the circuit is comparatively short. As a consequence. when the pulsating electromotive force is foremost applied to the circuit. the capacitance charges quickly and about reaches the peak value of the rectified electromotive force within the first few rhythms. The capacitance attempts to bear down to the peak value of the rectified electromotive force anytime a rectifying tube is carry oning. and tends to retain its charge when the rectifier end product falls to zero. ( The capacitance can non dispatch immediately. ) The capacitance slowly discharges through the burden opposition ( RL ) during the clip the rectifier is nonconductive. T he rate of discharge of the capacitance is determined by the value of electrical capacity and the value of the burden opposition. If the electrical capacity and load-resistance values are big. the RC discharge clip for the circuit is comparatively long. A comparing of the wave forms shown in figure 4-16 ( see A and position B ) illustrates that the add-on of C1 to the circuit consequences in an addition in the norm of the end product electromotive force ( Eavg ) and a decrease in the amplitude of the ripple constituent ( Er ) which is usually present across the burden opposition. Now. let’s see a complete rhythm of operation utilizing a halfwave rectifier. a capacitive filter ( C1 ) . and a burden resistance ( RL ) . As shown in position A of figure 4-17. the capacitive filter ( C1 ) is assumed to be big plenty to guarantee a little reactance to the pulsating rectified current. The opposition of RL is assumed to be much greater than the reactance of C1 at the input frequence. When the circuit is energized. the rectifying tube conducts on the positive half rhythm and current flows through the circuit. leting C1 to bear down. C1 will bear down to about the peak value of the input electromotive force. ( The charge is less than t he peak value because of the electromotive force bead across the rectifying tube ( D1 ) ) . In position A of the figure. the charge on C1 is indicated by the heavy solid line on the wave form. As illustrated in position B. the rectifying tube can non carry on on the negative half rhythm because the anode of D1 is negative with regard to the cathode. During this interval. C1 discharges through the burden resistance ( RL ) . The discharge of C1 produces the downward incline as indicated by the solid line on the wave form in position B. In contrast to the disconnected autumn of the applied ac electromotive force from peak value to zero. the electromotive force across C1 ( and therefore across RL ) during the discharge period bit by bit decreases until the clip of the following half rhythm of rectifier operation. Keep in head that for good filtering. the filter capacitance should bear down up every bit fast as possible and discharge every bit small as possible. Figure 4-17A. – Capacitor filter circuit ( positive and negative half rhythms ) . Positive HALF-CYCLE Figure 4-17B. – Capacitor filter circuit ( positive and negative half rhythms ) . Negative HALF-CYCLE Since practical values of C1 and RL guarantee a more or less gradual lessening of the discharge electromotive force. a significant charge remains on the capacitance at the clip of the following half rhythm of operation. As a consequence. no current can flux through the rectifying tube until the lifting Ac input electromotive force at the anode of the rectifying tube exceeds the electromotive force on the charge staying on C1. The charge on C1 is the cathode potency of the rectifying tube. When the potency on the anode exceeds the potency on the cathode ( the charge on C1 ) . the rectifying tube once more behaviors. and C1 begins to bear down to about the peak value of the applied electromotive force. After the capacitance has charged to its peak value. the rectifying tube will cut off and the capacitance will get down to dispatch. Since the autumn of the Ac input electromotive force on the anode is well more rapid than the lessening on the capacitance electromotive force. the cathode rapidly become more positive than the anode. and the rectifying tube ceases to carry on. Operation of the simple capacitance filter utilizing a full-wave rectifier is fundamentally the same as that discussed for the half-wave rectifier. Mentioning to calculate 4-18. you should detect that because one of the rectifying tubes is ever carry oning on. either alternation. the fi lter capacitance charges and discharges during each half rhythm. ( Note that each rectifying tube conducts merely for that part of clip when the extremum secondary electromotive force is greater than the charge across the capacitor. ) Figure 4-18. – Full-wave rectifier ( with capacitance filter ) . Another thing to maintain in head is that the ripple constituent ( E R ) of the end product electromotive force is an ac electromotive force and the mean end product electromotive force ( Eavg ) is the dc constituent of the end product. Since the filter capacitance offers a comparatively low electric resistance to ac. the bulk of the ac constituent flows through the filter capacitance. The ac constituent is hence bypassed ( shunted ) around the burden opposition. and the full District of Columbia constituent ( or Eavg ) flows through the burden opposition. This statement can be clarified by utilizing the expression for XC in a half-wave and full-wave rectifier. First. you must set up some values for the circuit. As you can see from the computations. by duplicating the frequence of the rectifier. you cut down the electric resistance of the capacitance by one-half. This allows the ac constituent to go through through the capacitance more easy. As a consequence. a full-wave rectifier end product is much easier to filtrate than that of a half-wave rectifier. Remember. the smaller the Ninety of the filter capacitance with regard to the burden opposition. the better the filtering action. Since the largest possible capacitance will supply the best filtering. Remember. besides. that the burden opposition is an of import consideration. If load opposition is made little. the burden current additions. and the mean value of end product electromotive force ( Eavg ) decreases. The RC discharge clip changeless is a direct map of the value of the burden opposition ; hence. the rate of capacitance electromotive force discharge is a direct map of the current through the burden. The greater the burden current. the more rapid the discharge of the capacitance. and the lower the mean value of end product electromotive force. For this ground. the simple capacitive filter is rarely used with rectifier circuits that must provide a comparatively big burden current. Using the simple capacitive filter in concurrence with a full-wave or span rectifier provides improved filtering because the increased rippling frequence decreases the capacitive reactance of the filter capacitance. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY DTMF DECODER Today. most telephone equipment use a DTMF receiving system IC. One common DTMF receiving system IC is the Motorola MT8870 that is widely used in electronic communications circuits. The MT8870 is an 18-pin IC. It is used in telephones and a assortment of other applications. When a proper end product is non obtained in undertakings utilizing this IC. applied scientists or technicians need to prove this IC individually. A speedy testing of this IC could salvage a batch of clip in re-search labs and fabricating industries of communicating instruments. Here’s a little and ready to hand examiner circuit for the DTMF IC. It can be assembled on a multipurpose PCB with an 18-pin IC base. One can besides prove the IC on a simple bread board. For optimal working of telephone equipment. the DTMF receiving system must be designed to acknowledge a valid tone brace greater than 40 MS in continuance and to accept consecutive digit tone-pairs that are greater than 40 ms apart. However. for ot her applications like remote controls and wireless communications. the tone continuance may differ due to resound considerations. Therefore. by adding an excess resistance and maneuvering diode the tone continuance can be set to different values. The circuit is configured in balanced-line manner. To reject common-mode noise signals. a balanced derived function amplifier input is used. The circuit besides provides an first-class bridging interface across a decently terminated telephone line. Transient protection may be achieved by dividing the input resistances and infixing ZENER rectifying tubes ( ZD1 and ZD2 ) to accomplish electromotive force clamping. This allows the transient energy to be dissipated in the resistances and rectifying tubes. and limits the maximal electromotive force that may look at the inputs. Whenever you press any cardinal on your local telephone computer keyboard. the delayed guidance ( Std ) end product of the IC goes high on having the tone-pair. doing LED5 ( connected to trap 15 of IC via resistance R15 ) to glow. It will be high for a continuance depending on the values of capacitance and resistances at pins 16 and 17. The optional circuit shown within dot-ted line is used for guard clip accommodat ion. The LEDs connected via resistances R11 to R14 at pins 11 through 14. severally. bespeak the end product of the IC. The tone-pair DTMF ( dual-tone multi-frequency ) generated by pressing the telephone button is converted into bi-nary values internally in the IC. The binary values are indicated by glowing of LEDs at the end product pins of the IC. LED1 represents the lowest important spot ( LSB ) and LED4 represents the most important spot ( MSB ) . So. when you dial a figure. state. 5. LED1 and LED3 will glow. which is equal to 0101. Similarly. for every other figure dialed on your telephone. the corresponding LEDs will glow. Thus. a non-defective IC should bespeak proper bi-nary values matching to the denary figure pressed on your telephone key-pad. To prove the DTMF IC 8870/KT3170. continue as follows: ? Connect local telephone and the circuit in analogue to the same telephone line. ? Switch on S1. ( Switch over on subsidiary switch S2 merely if keys A. B. C. and D are to be used. ) ? Now push cardinal ‘*’ to bring forth DTMF tone. ? Push any denary key from the telephone computer keyboard. ? Observe the tantamount double star as shown in the tabular array. ? If the binary figure implied by glowing of LED1 to LED4 is tantamount to the pressed cardinal figure ( decimal/A. B. C. or D ) . the DTMF IC 8870 is right. Identify A. B. C. and D on the telephone computer keyboard are used for particular signaling and are non available on standard pushbutton telephone computer keyboards. Pin 5 of the IC is pulled down to land through resistance R8. Switch over on subsidiary switch S2. Now the high logic at pin 5 enables the sensing of tones stand foring characters A. B. C. and D. Relay The relay takes advantage of the fact that when electricity flows through a spiral. it becomes an electromagnet. The electromagnetic spiral attracts a steel home base. which is attached to a switch. So the switch’s gesture ( ON and OFF ) is controlled by the current flowing to the spiral. or non. severally. A really utile characteristic of a relay is that it can be used to electrically insulate different parts of a circuit. It will let a low electromotive force circuit ( e. g. 5VDC ) to exchange the power in a high electromotive force circuit ( e. g. 100 VAC or more ) . The relay operates automatically. so it can non run at high velocity. Internal circuit of Relay Relaies There are many sort of relays. You can choose one harmonizing to your demands. The assorted things to see when choosing a relay are its size. electromotive force and current capacity of the contact points. drive electromotive force. electric resistance. figure of contacts. opposition of the contacts. etc. The opposition electromotive force of the contacts is the maximal electromotive force that can be conducted at the point of contact in the switch. When the upper limit isexceeded. the contacts will trip and run. sometimes blending together. The relay will neglect. The value is printed on the relay. ?VISION The ? Vision IDE is. for most developers. the easiest manner to make embedded system plans. This chapter describes normally used ? Vision characteristics and explains how to utilize them. General Remarks and Concepts Before we start to depict how to utilize ?Vision. some general comments. common to many screens1 and to the behaviour of the development tool. are presented. In our uninterrupted attempt to present best-in-class development tools. back uping you in your day-to-day work. ?Vision has been built to resemble the look-and-feel of widespread applications. This attack decreases your learning curve. such that you may get down to work with ? Vision right off. Based on the construct of Windowss: ? Vision Windowss can be re-arranged. tiled. and attached to other screen countries or Windowss severally It is possible to drag and drop Windowss. objects. and variables A Context Menu. invoked through the right mouse button. is provided for most objects. You can utilize keyboard cutoffs and specify your ain cutoffs. You can utilize the abundant characteristics of a modern editor. Menu points and Toolbar buttons are greyed out when non available in the Current context. Graphic symbols are used to resemble options. to tag cursed alterations. or reveal objects non included into the undertaking. Status Bars display context-driven information. You can tie in ?Vision to third-party tools The Undertaking Windows country is that portion of the screen in which. by default. the Undertaking Window. Functions Window. Books Window. and Registers Window are displayed. Within the Editor Windows country. you are able to alter the beginning codification. position public presentation and analysis information. and look into the dismantling codification. The Output Windows country provides information related to debugging. memory. symbols. name stack. local variables. bids. browse information. and happen in files consequences. If. for any ground. you do non see a peculiar window and have tried displaying/hiding it several times. delight invoke the default layout of?Vision through the Window – Reset Current Layout Menu. Positioning Windows The ?Vision Windowss may be placed onto any country of the screen. even outside of the ?Vision frame. or to another physical screen. Click and keep the Title Bar1 of a window with the left mouse button Drag the window to the preferable country. or onto the preferable control. and let go of the mouse button Please note. beginning codification files can non be moved outside of the Editor Windows2. Invoke the Context Menu of the window’s Title Bar to alter the docking property of a window object. In some instances. you must execute this action before you can drag and drop the window. ?Vision shows docking assistant controls3. stressing the country where the window will be attached. The new docking country is represented by the subdivision highlighted in blue. Snap the window to the Multiple Document Interface ( MDI ) or to a Windows country by traveling the mouse over the preferable control. Keil package converts the C-codes into the Intel Hex codification. A position of Keil uVision 3 A position of Keil uVision 3 8051 Burner Software PRO51 BURNER provides you with package combustion tools for 8051 based Microcontrollers in there Flash memory. The 51 BURNER tools. you can fire AT89SXXXX series of ATMEL microcontrollers. PRO 51 PRO51 – Programmer for C51 household Features of PRO51 ? Flash Programmer for 89C1051. 89C2051. 89C4051. 89S51. 89S52. 89C51 and 89C52 micros. ? Operates on individual 5V supply which can be taken from USB Port of PC. ? User friendly windows based Graphics User Interface. ? Interfaces with Personal computer through COM1 or COM2 consecutive ports. System Requirements ? Personal computer with at least one series and one USB ports and at least 600?800 VGA declaration. ? If USB port is non available you need a regulated +5V supply. ? Windows operating system Package Contentss ? PRO51 unit ? Interface Cable between Personal computer and PRO51 ? CD incorporating PROG51 package Geting Started 1. Install PROG51 plans utilizing apparatus from the Cadmium. This would usually make these plans in a plan group INFONICS. You may wish to make a separate booklet like INFONICS on your disc where these plans will be installed. 2. Connect PRO51 to COM port and USB on your Personal computer utilizing the Y overseas telegram provided with PRO51. Follow direction given in the undermentioned subdivisions. PROG51 User Interface Prog51 is used for programming the 89C1051. 89C2051 and 89C4051 Microcontrollers. User interface includes: ? Load Hex/Binary file in Buffer ? Save Buffer as Binary File ? Display / Specify Target Device to be Programmed. ? Com Port Selection. ? Identify Target Device with the device specified by you in the designated country. ? Read Microcontroller Program in Buffer ? Erase Microcontroller Program Memory ? Check if Target Device is Erased ? Program Buffer Contents in Target device ? Verify the Device contents with informations in the buffer 3. Lock Target Device. Once the device is locked it can non be read or verified. Procedure to Program a Bit 1. Connect the PRO51 to COM port and USB port on your Personal computer. USB is used for +5V power supply merely. You can utilize regulated 5V supply and link it on pin 4 of the 9 Pin connection. 2. Get down PROG51 from your plan bill of fare. 3. Choice appropriate com port on your Personal computer. 4. Insert desired device in the ZIF socket on PRO51. 20 Pin devices like 89C2051 should be aligned with the bolltom side. i. e. . pin 10 on the 89C2051 should be inserted in Pin 20 of the socket. 5. Stipulate the device in the mark device text box. 6. Click Identify button to look into if the device inserted lucifers with the one you specified in the Target Device text box. 7. Load Hex or Binary file generated utilizing compiler or assembly program in the buffer. 8. Snap on Erase button to wipe out the contents of the brassy memory of the microcontroller. Erase procedure will automatically be followed by a clean cheque. 9. Snap on Program button to compose the buffer contents in to the plan memory of the microcontroller. Program action will automatically be followed by a verify rhythm. 10. 11. If you wish snap on Lock button to procure the device. Remove the device from ZIF socket. Block Diagram of PRO51 3 2 6 8 4 5 Power Supply RST RXD TXD Programmer ZIF Socket Pin description of 9 PIN male connection on PRO51 Pin Name 1 2 NC RXD Description Not connected Serial Port Receive Data. This pin should be connected to TXD pin of COM port on Personal computer. 3 TXD Serial Port Transmit Data. This pin should be connected to RXD pin of COM port on Personal computer. 4 VCC +5V supply for the PRO51. It must be regulated supply. Cable supplied with the device draws power from the USB port of your Personal computer. If you wish to utilize any other beginning of power the same should be connected to this pin. 5 GND Signal and power land for consecutive port and 5V power supply. 6 RXDEN If this pin is left unfastened or pulled up ( gt ; 3V ) so RXD signal received at PIN 2 above is sent to the CPU. If you wish to disenable the RXD signal so this PIN should be pulled –Ve. With the criterion overseas telegram supplied by Infonics this pin is connected to the DSR signal of COM port. Therefore. the DSR must high to enable the RXD. 7 8 NC RESET Not connected A high ( gt ; 3V ) on this pin will reset the PRO51. With the criterion overseas telegram supplied by Infonics this pin is connected to the RTS signal of COM port. Therefore. the RTS must be kept low for proper operation of the PRO51. A high pulsation on RTS can be used to reset the device. 9 NC Not connected Construction AND TESTING CONSTRUCTION In the procedure of recognizing this undertaking. the building was ab initio carried out on a bread board to let for look intoing and to determine that it is working efficaciously. All abnormalities were checked so tested and found to hold a satisfactory end product. The constituent were so removed and transferred to a Vero board strip and soldered into topographic point and all discontinuous point were cut out to avoid short-circuiting. PRECAUTIONS SOLDERING PRECAUTIONS The building was carried out with attention. The safeguards taken during the bonding were: ? The tip of soldering Fe was kept clean with the aid of a file from clip to clip. ? The solder wire was of smaller thickness. ? Excess solder was non used in order to avoid a cause of short circuit in the conductive way. ? The overheating of constituents was avoided to forestall component harm as a consequence of inordinate heat on the constituents due to the heat from the soldering Fe. ? The leads of the constituents were unbroken clean before soldering. with the usage of sand paper. COMPONENTS Precaution: ? IR detector used should be sensitive. Before utilizing in the circuit it should be tested with a multi-meter. ? I. C should non be heated much while soldering ; excessively much heat can destruct the I. C. For safety and easiness of replacing. the usage of I. C socket is suggested. ? While puting the I. C pin no 1 should be made certain at right hole. ? Opposite mutual opposition of battery can destruct I. C so please look into the mutual opposition before exchanging ON the circuit. One should utilize rectifying tube in series with switch for safety since rectifying tube allows fluxing current in one way merely. ? Each constituent was soldered neatly and clean. ? We should utilize insulated wires. Testing OF PROJECT With the cognition of operation of the system was tested measure by measure to the transistor end product and the burden was connected across the aggregator terminus of the transistor. ASSEMBLING The whole system was packed in a plastic shell and proviso was made for the IR to feel visible radiation from the exterior. REFERENCES ? â€Å"8051 and embedded system† by Mazidi and Mazidi ? All datasheets from World Wide Web. datasheetcatalog. com ? About AT89s8252 from World Wide Web. atmel. com And World Wide Web. triindia. co. in

Shakespeare †Sonnet 116 Analysis and Interpretation Essay Essay Example

Shakespeare – Sonnet 116 Analysis and Interpretation Essay Paper Sonnet 116 was written by William Shakespeare and published in 1609. William Shakespeare was an English author and poet. and has written a batch of celebrated dramas. amongst them Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare lived in the Elizabethan epoch. At that clip. the literature and art was in bloom. and his plants are clearly characterized by that epoch both as linguistic communication and subject goes. A sonnet is a poem consisting of 14 lines. three quatrains and a pair. in which the round follows the iambic pentameter. Sonnet 116 is. like the most of Shakespeare’s sonnets. about love. In this sonnet. Shakespeare tries to specify love by utilizing comparings. metaphors and personification. The subject of the sonnet is decidedly â€Å"true love† because of all his efforts to specify it by depicting what true love agencies. and why it is so of import to human existences. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare – Sonnet 116 Analysis and Interpretation Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare – Sonnet 116 Analysis and Interpretation Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare – Sonnet 116 Analysis and Interpretation Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first quatrain is kind of the â€Å"introduction† of the sonnet. while the two following quatrains are the organic structure of the sonnet. where he elaborates the two first lines. The pair in the terminal is the decision. and is used to sum up and shut the sonnet. In Shakespeare’s sonnets. the last two lines are frequently about Shakespeare himself in some manner. Either by sharing his ain sentiment on the subject he is composing approximately. or to praise himself as an creative person. In the first one and a half line. he says â€Å"let me non to the matrimony of true heads admit impediments† . That means. that he won’t declare any grounds to why two people with true love towards each other shouldn’t acquire married. He continues with: â€Å"love is non love which alters when it change finds. or bends with the remover to remove† . which can intend that love is non love if it changes or fades off when a better chance comes up. He elabor ates this in the following quatrain. where he uses a metaphor and compares love to an ever-fixed grade. taking the ships like the North Star. The ships are meant to be the human existences lost in the hunt for life’s true significance. The last line of the quatrain says: â€Å"whose worth’s unknown. although his tallness be taken† . which is a clear comparing to love. and how it is mensurable. but still more valuable than words can of all time explicate. This metaphor makes the message more clear. because you can conceive of this star steering the lost crewmans in the center of the ocean and you understand the significance of the words in an other manner than if he had merely written: â€Å"love is priceless† . In the 3rd quatrain. he begins with: â€Å"Love is non Time’s sap. though rose-colored lips and cheeks within his flexing sickle’s compass semen. † First of all. â€Å"Love is non time’s fool† is a personification. because â€Å"time† is given a human quality by being a sap. The whole sentence agencies. that clip is nonmeaningful to love and that love doesn’t attention about aging or decease. The following two lines: â€Å"Love alters non with his brief hours and hebdomads. But bears it out even to the border of day of reckoning. † Empathizes the fact that love is a changeless construct and goes beyond decease. This last quatrain is truly powerful and to state that non even decease can halt love makes it even stronger. This is really the whole message in the sonnet. that true love is so strong. non even decease can get the better of it. With the pair in the terminal. he turns the focal point on himself by stating: â€Å" If this be mistake and upon me proved. I neer writ. nor no adult male of all time loved. † He sort of says. that if what he has merely written is proved incorrect. no 1 has of all time loved. and he isn’t a poet. He likely means that he is so certain about this ceaseless true love. that he would curse on his most cherished ability. viz. his accomplishments as a author. In some manner. you can state that he ends up praising himself a small spot in this sonnet excessively. The same thing happens in the pair of sonnet 18 â€Å"shall I compare thee. . † where he ends up proclaiming that his verse form makes people immortal. Another thing that sonnet 18 and sonnet 116 has in common is their many comparings. Al though the comparings in sonnet 18 are a little more obvious in sonnet 116. it is still sort of the same construct. comparing love and beauty to nature. And of class. the subject of love is consistent through so many of his sonnets. The difference between these two sonnets is largely the fact that sonnet 18 is written to a specific individual ( at least. we assume that ) . while the receiving system of sonnet 116 can be anyone who is funny to cognize the definition of true love. The â€Å"love† issue takes up a batch of infinite in both Shakespeare’s sonnets and dramas. and I think that it is the ground that his plants neer go out of manner. It is merely a dateless subject. interesting no affair what race. age or gender you are. His plants are known around the universe. and can beinterpreted so it fits every head everyplace in the universe. With this sonnet. Shakespeare has defined love for the full human race.

Free Essays on The Characteristics Of The Metaphysical Poets

What are the main characteristics of the metaphysical poets? (With reference to ‘The Flea’, ‘The Apparition’ and ‘To His Coy Mistress’) A characteristic is a distinguishing quality, attribute or trait applied to something to make it similar to something else. The two metaphysical poets that we will consider are John Donne and Andrew Marvell. Although these two poets were both writtig in the 17th Century both had completely different upbringings and experiences throughout their lives. Andrew Marvell was born in Yorkshire, on March 31st 1621 to the Rev. Andrew Marvell, and his wife Anne. When Marvell was three years of age, the family moved to Hull, where Rev. Marvell became lecturer in Holy Trinity Church. He was educated at the Hull Grammar School, and in 1633 he matriculated as a Sizar of Trinity College, Cambridge. Two poems by Marvell, one in Greek, one in Latin, were printed in the â€Å"Musa Cantabrigiensis† in 1637. In 1638 Marvell was admitted a Scholar of Trinity College, and took his B.A. degree in the same year. A few days after receiving his scholarship, Marvell's mother died. He remained a few more years in residence, leaving Cambridge only after his father's death, by drowning. In 1650, Marvell became the tutor of twelve-year-old Mary Fairfax (later Duchess of Buckingham), daughter of Sir Thomas Fairfax, retired Lord General of the parliamentary forces. At the Yorkshire seat of the Fairfax family, Nun Appleton House, Marvell seems to have written, over a period of about three years, most of his non-satiric English poems. Marvell, who had been a supporter of the king, Charles I, under the commonwealth, became a supporter of Cromwell. In the summer of 1657, Marvell tutored Cromwell’s nephew and ward, William Dutton, living at Eton. Starting in 1659, Marvell was elected M.P. for his hometown of Hull, and he continued to represent it until his death, Marvell was engaged in political activities, taking p... Free Essays on The Characteristics Of The Metaphysical Poets Free Essays on The Characteristics Of The Metaphysical Poets What are the main characteristics of the metaphysical poets? (With reference to ‘The Flea’, ‘The Apparition’ and ‘To His Coy Mistress’) A characteristic is a distinguishing quality, attribute or trait applied to something to make it similar to something else. The two metaphysical poets that we will consider are John Donne and Andrew Marvell. Although these two poets were both writtig in the 17th Century both had completely different upbringings and experiences throughout their lives. Andrew Marvell was born in Yorkshire, on March 31st 1621 to the Rev. Andrew Marvell, and his wife Anne. When Marvell was three years of age, the family moved to Hull, where Rev. Marvell became lecturer in Holy Trinity Church. He was educated at the Hull Grammar School, and in 1633 he matriculated as a Sizar of Trinity College, Cambridge. Two poems by Marvell, one in Greek, one in Latin, were printed in the â€Å"Musa Cantabrigiensis† in 1637. In 1638 Marvell was admitted a Scholar of Trinity College, and took his B.A. degree in the same year. A few days after receiving his scholarship, Marvell's mother died. He remained a few more years in residence, leaving Cambridge only after his father's death, by drowning. In 1650, Marvell became the tutor of twelve-year-old Mary Fairfax (later Duchess of Buckingham), daughter of Sir Thomas Fairfax, retired Lord General of the parliamentary forces. At the Yorkshire seat of the Fairfax family, Nun Appleton House, Marvell seems to have written, over a period of about three years, most of his non-satiric English poems. Marvell, who had been a supporter of the king, Charles I, under the commonwealth, became a supporter of Cromwell. In the summer of 1657, Marvell tutored Cromwell’s nephew and ward, William Dutton, living at Eton. Starting in 1659, Marvell was elected M.P. for his hometown of Hull, and he continued to represent it until his death, Marvell was engaged in political activities, taking p...

Make a Mardi Gras Mask - French Project

Make a Mardi Gras Mask - French Project Mardi Gras, which means fat Tuesday in French, is celebrated in many francophone regions. Mardi Gras masks are a traditional part of this annual celebration, and making them is an interesting and very creative project for all ages. These basic instructions and tips can be followed by anyone going to a Mardi Gras party or just wanting to share in the fun.  ProjectMake a Mardi Gras maskInstructions Choose mask base: Cardboard, plastic, metal, construction paper, etcCut base to cover the face or eyesCut eyeholes and holes for nose and/or mouthPunch tiny holes in each side and attach string or wire (to hold mask in place)Decorate mask Customization Mask Base: The mask base can be made of just about anything you dont mind wearing over your face. Paper may not last and metal might be difficult, but cardboard is a good, sturdy choice. The shape of the mask base is limited only by your creativity. You can cut an oval to cover your face or a bar to cover your eyes, or you can make another shape, such as a house, an animal, or a tree.Holes for eyes, nose, and mouth can be different shapes - stars, hearts, slits, etc. Decorations: Crayons, colored pencils, chalk, charcoal, markers, paint Beads Embroidery Fabric Fake jewels Feathers Flowers Glitter Lace Ribbons Sequins Stickers String, yarn Tissue paper Wax Mardi Gras Links French Mardi Gras vocabulary Carnaval in Nice, FranceMardi Gras party ideasMardi Gras puzzles for kidsMardi Gras recipesMardi Gras songs Notes Profs de franà §ais forum .

Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Poem - Essay Example rtant to pronounce different words with different loudness to create necessary rhythm, and it is also possible only after reading a poem for several times. My pronunciation was rather good and developed while articulation requires more and more practice. I was not able to change the pitch, rate, and volume as fast as I needed and that is why the sense of some phrases was not clear. It is important to reread and listen to a poem for at least five times because each time adds to a meaning some special sense and finally it gives general picture of the poem. Reading the poem for the second time I indicated all the pauses, tried to speed intonation where it was necessary and tried to change the pitch and the tones of separate words. Some of the words were pronounced in a low voice some almost in whisper. My strength of vocal delivery is that I have rather good pronunciation of all the sounds while my weakness is inability to change capture I mind pronunciation, articulation, and deep understanding of the text because I switch concentration from to the other. That is why it is best to learn poems by

People and work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

People and work - Assignment Example This company is Highway Stores Ltd and we would see the nature of HRM this organization follows. Here in this company the department that handles all the employee related matters is referred to as Personnel Department though it should be noted that the training policies are maintained and looked over by other departments. The head office in Midlands of Highway Stores Ltd controls the Personnel Function and here the hierarchy is formulated in three fold structures with three Personnel Administrators, one Personnel Officer and one Personnel Manager who is directly responsible for the department. Collaboration sense prevails with the department indulge in looking after different personnel duties that include all issues related to employees. Like training the payroll issue is looked after by the Finance department and the Personnel function is responsible to repot all issues relation to these to the Legal Director of the Highway Stores Ltd. Therefore, it could be stated that the responsibilities of the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. is limited in many sense among which the training sector which is so important to the HRM is detached from the overhead. This would lead to substantial problem in future as the training modules are formulated only for the store workers and not for the personnel working at the head office. This would ultimately lead to a sense of discrimination in the context of future communication system. This leads to a situation where there needs to be a problem solving overhead for Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. The absence of such a department only could add fuel to the probable problems to arise in future. However there is a standardized internal policy that provides a tentative guideline if needed. Absence of a clearly laid down policy as well as lack of contact over the training procedures sets a field of probable problem that could cause trouble in future within Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. It is also found in Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. that this lack of needed training proves to be of a huge disadvantage whereas this problem is confronted by only the manager who is blissfully qualified in this sense. But this imbalance of knowledge would ultimately cause further drift within the department; at least theoretically there is the potential within the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. Another problem at Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. is the personnel leave and sickness issue. This is another weak point of the department. This is because the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. is responsible of keeping record of personnel leave due to sickness which exceeds more than six weeks but apart form this record the department is not responsible for any other records of employees who remain absent for reasons other than sickness. Moreover, records are not maintained if the employee is absent less than six weeks. This proves to be a fatal disadvantage of records by the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. and the basic effectiveness of maintaining a HRM is mostly lost. But the most interesting and wearisome problem of the Personnel Fun

African American Musuem Essay Example for Free

African American Musuem Essay The African Museum in Philadelphia is notable as the first museum funded and built by a municipality to help preserve, interpret and exhibit the heritage of African Americans. Opened during the 1976 Bicentennial celebrations, the AAMP is located in historic Philadelphia, a few blocks away from the Liberty Bell. Charles H. Wesley was a noted African American historian, educator, and author. He was the fourth African American to receive a Ph. D. from Harvard University. An ordained minister, Wesley’s distinguished career included 40 years of leadership with the African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1976, he served as Director of the Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum in Philadelphia, now known as the African American Museum in Philadelphia. Programs The African American Museum that is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has some interesting education programs. These education programs focus on arts, culture, and heritage education. They place a major emphasis on the interests of the students, educators, artists, historians, scholars, and community organizations. These programs offer diversity with scheduling. The programs explore various African forms of cultural expressions. In these programs there are literary performances, hands on demonstrations, workshops, and storytelling performances as well. The African American Museum in Philadelphia feels its programs can be a vital link between the permanent and visiting collections for the many communities they serve. Exhibitions The exhibitions in the African American Museum in Philadelphia can some to be pleasing to the eye and stimulating to the mind. According to the African American Museum of Philadelphia these exhibitions invoke a deep collection of emotion ranging from pride and passion to excitement and enthusiasm. When visitors enter the museum they will come to Gallery 1, which includes a interactive timeline, images draw from historical record, that spans 100 years of history. In Gallery 2 there are full size video projections in which visitors can in engage in them. Once they are activated, a monologue about life in Philadelphia will begin. Some other aspects of the exhibit include an experience where you can walk the streets of Philadelphia through a large scale map, which is located between galleries 1 and 2 .

Hamlet is not Insane in Shakespeares Halmet Essay -- essays research

"Alas he's mad" (3:4:108) How far do you agree with the statement that Hamlet is mad? A great controversial talking point of the play Hamlet is whether he was mad or in fact making people think he was mad. I disagree with Gertrude's statement that Hamlet is mad. I ask you what the definition of madness, the relatively permanent disorder of the mind, a state of mind characterized by the inability to distinguish right from wrong. Indeed Hamlet only acts mad in front of certain people such as his mother, Polonius, Ophelia, Claudius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern who he knows are spying on him. I think Hamlet by using his mad faà §ade hides his real intentions and motivations from his enemies and people that will give away information, thus driving them to madness instead. Causing Ophelia to drown, Polonius stand behind that curtain, Gertrude to drink from the poisoned cup and Laertes to put poison on his blade. Shakespeare uses Hamlets fake madness as a catalyst for the surrounding characters demise. As Gertrude says when hamlet confronts her, about marrying his uncle. ?Oh Hamlet thou hast left my heart in twain.? (3:4:154) Ophelia certainly is driven mad, partly by her father?s emotional manipulation on her, but also I believe by hamlets, denying of their love, and taunting after he finds out she is used to spy on him. Claudius I believe does, have reluctance and sometimes portrays the characteristics of a mad man, when he finds out he has been tricked by Hamlet, after the Mousetrap he shows the manic tendencies. This could be equated to anyone in the same situation. Even Claudius and Polonius believe Hamlet is not insane,- ?Love? His affections do not that way. Nor what he spake, through it lacked a form a little. W... ...the end of the play Hamlet does being to become unstable, maybe like many characters in other Shakespearian plays (Macbeth) they become enwrapped in their plan and thus become what the have pretended to be, this is shown maybe in the way in how at the end Hamlet delays no more, he has had enough. Hamlet is such a complex character originally in the play its hard to determine his exact motives, even the audience in his monologues feel there are motives and emotions deep inside that he holds back. I think Hamlet is a character that Shakespeare had many emotional feelings about. The idea that his son was called Hamlet and whether there alone is a connection. In this play I think Hamlet is trying to get the message across of how the Elizabethans poorly treated mental illness patients by treating it as something more demonic and locking them up in poor professional care.

What Should Coca Cola Have Done?

What should have occurred? What should occur in future situations? It would be a logical inference to suggest that Coca-Cola’s decision to change its formula and market â€Å"New Coke† to the American population was nothing short of a complete failure. â€Å"On 23 April 1985 New Coke was introduced and a few days later the production of original Coke was stopped. This joint decision has since been referred to as ‘the biggest marketing blunder of all time’† (Bhasin, 2010).But to completely dismiss the fact that Coca-Cola was losing market share to Pepsi-Cola, as well as other products that they themselves were producing (Diet Coke), would not fairly give justice to the decisions behind Coca-Cola’s marketing blunder. Coca-Cola was in a dilemma. They were going through an identity crisis, and that crisis seemed to lead them to make their one major costly decision. That crisis was quite simple. Coca-Cola had forgotten who they were and grasping fo r market share, instead of focusing on branding lead them in an ominous direction.In order to avoid an identity crisis, Coca-Cola should have understood that â€Å"a brand is far more than just a logo. Instead, it’s comprised of a complete set of attributes and tools, or â€Å"identity elements,† that give the brand a unique identity† (Forward). The simple fact is that all the time, money, and skill poured into consumer research on the new Coca-Cola could not measure or reveal the deep and abiding emotional attachment to the original Coca-Cola, felt by so many people. The passion for original Coca-Cola was something that caught executives at Coca-Cola by surprise.It was a mystery, an American enigma, and one cannot measure it any more than one can measure love, pride, or patriotism (Bhasin, 2010). Of all of the consumer research and data analyzing Coca-Cola and its executives claim to have performed, it’s a mystery that they forgot one simple rule; ask yo ur customers first! â€Å"Sam Craig, professor of marketing and international business at the Stern School of Business at New York University, pointed to what he and other industry observers have long considered a fatal mistake on Coca-Cola's part. â€Å"They didn't ask the critical question of Coke users: Do you want a new Coke?By failing to ask that critical question, they had to backpedal very quickly† (Ross, 2005). Coca-cola should have concentrated on the brands perception. â€Å"Marketing is a battle of perceptions, not products† (Bhasin, 2010). If Coca-Cola had concentrated on brand perception and less on trying to clone or compete with another company’s product, they would have never made the fatal mistake. What Coca-cola learned was to not be afraid to make a mistake. Yet, most importantly they learned to admit those mistakes and not be afraid to â€Å"make a u-turn†.Through the brand failure of New Coke loyalty to ‘the real thing’ intensified. Coca-Cola assimilated that â€Å"by going back on its decision to scrap original Coke, the company ended up creating an even stronger bond between the product and the consumer† (Bhasin, 2010). Consumers began realizing that coke was more than a drink. It was an experience – an enigma. The question then arises: Coca-Cola has recently decided, along with Pepsi-Cola, to change its recipe in order to avoid putting a cancer warning on their cans. Will Coca-Cola have learned anything from â€Å"the biggest marketing blunder of all time†?Bhasin, H. (2010, January 1). Coca Cola Brand Failure. Retrieved April 2012, 26, from Marketing91: http://www. marketing91. com/coca-cola-brand-failure/ Forward, J. (n. d. ). How to Build Your Brand and Avoid an Identity Crisis. Retrieved April 26, 2012, from Beneath The Brand: http://www. talentzoo. com/beneath-the-brand/blog_news. php? articleID=8478 Ross, M. E. (2005, April 22). It seemed like a good idea at the time . Retrieved April 26, 2012, from MSNBC: http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/7209828/ns/us_news/t/it-seemed-good-idea-time/#. T5mkCuweSSA

Is it Ethical for Regional Airline to Pay First Year Essay

As compared to other airline workers, pilots are the most costly with labor being the largest cost for all airline companies. In fact, contract negotiations between pilot unions and the airline management are usually bitter. Recently, contract negotiations between the world’s largest airlines, UAL Corp’s, and its pilots resulted in the increase of costs throughout the airline or aviation industry. These contract negotiations between UAL Corp’s and its pilots led to the several negotiations between major airlines and various labor groups. In the previous years, first year pilots were paid less than $ 20,000 while major airline captains earned well over $100,000. While a pilot usually begin at a major carrier with at least eight years of preceding experience, they are paid depending on the years at the airline company and the aircraft flown. A typical month for a pilot includes only fifteen days of work and eighty flight hours a month. On the other hand, these pilots often spend the other eighty hours on duty at airports. However, the pilots are usually paid for the eighty flight hours and not the hours spent on duty at airports. Notably, pilots are considered as one of the well paid workers and their salaries are usually based on the measure of productivity and responsibility (Hirschfeld, 2001). Airline captains are often paid depending on the aircraft’s size, number of passengers, cargo tonnage and distance moved. Its however important to note that pilots not only have incredible amount of responsibility but they also have incredible training requirements. Even with the responsibilities and requirements that come with this profession, there is a need for setting limits that explain what constitutes a pilot’s reasonable and fair pay. Throughout the years, pilots’ salary increments have usually been ridiculously wide with most of their labor groups demanding a salary increment of thirty percent every four years. Additionally, there is always a huge annual salary difference between pilots at the bottom of the ladder and senior pilots for majors. Pilot’s Requirements: As I mentioned in the previous page, this profession requires not only an incredible amount of responsibility but also training requirements. As a profession with these requirements, there are other important personal requirements established by the government. Most importantly, to clearly examine whether it’s ethical for regional airline to pay first year pilots $20,000. 00, it’s necessary to look at these requirements. The requirements include: Age Limits: The minimum and maximum age requirements set by the government varies for various airline pilots. While private pilots and commercial pilots should have a minimum age of seventeen and eighteen years respectively, applicants for air transport pilot certificate should have a minimum age of twenty-three years. On the other hand, the common retirement age on listed airlines is sixty years of age. Physical Health Requirements: As compared to other professions, pilots are required to meet strict physical health conditions. These pilots are usually given medical certificates which are classified into different categories depending on the respective country. However, each of these categories not only has specific physical health requirements but their certificates are valid for different time periods. In the United States and Canada, trainees for an airline position should take a physician from FAA and Transport Canada respectively (â€Å"Looking for a Career†, 2009). Furthermore, pilots are required to meet special physical demands and strict health standards by regulatory agencies. These demands basically concern body parts like lungs and heart as well as eyesight and physical dexterity. Airline pilots who may be dependent on drugs including prescription may be disqualified from flying. Education: This is one of the most critical requirements for airline pilot professionals and has in the recent part become increasingly intricate and mechanical. With the changing technology, there is a continuous demand for pilots to meet a higher standard. In fact, for airline pilots, learning is continuous because of the development of new aircraft designs, systems and procedures. As a result of the evolving aviation technology, pilots are not only required to master new systems but they are also required to regularly pass ground school courses and simulated flight checks. Additionally, these pilots are also required to have a thorough understanding of navigation, mathematics, meteorology and aeronautics. This thorough understanding is necessitated by the technicality and complexity of the aircraft’s navigation and communication systems. A pilot begins to acquire these skills at the secondary level of education with the main weight being on basic sciences such as math and physics. In addition to this advanced math, aeronautical engineering and sciences are necessary courses for pilots’ preparation at the tertiary level of education. These pilots should also have a good attitude and judgment because of the responsibility of taking care of many lives and the monetary value of the aircraft. Licensing Requirements: This is the final and critical requirement for both pilots and professionals in the airline industry. In preparation to become an airline pilot, it’s important to note that there are four levels of certificates of pilots. These pilots’ certificates are student, private, commercial and air/airline transport pilot certificates. However, pilot certificate holders may also have various types of certification or ratings with the exception for pilots with student pilot certificates. These ratings include land, helicopter, sea, instrument, single-engine and multi-engine flying certification. Prior to flying a large aircraft needing two-pilot crew, a pilot is required to have a type of rating. Ethics and Pilots Salaries: Having looked at the airline pilot requirements in the previous section of this paper, I will now examine whether it’s ethical for regional airline to pay first year pilots $20,000. As I mentioned earlier the requirements of the airline industry basically helps us to understand the foundation of this profession. This foundation is what determines the answer to the question we are examining. By and large, airline pilots go through a lot of preparations and trainings before qualifying to work in this profession. Their responsibility and productivity is significant in determining the salaries of these professionals. In order to find a better answer to the question we are examining, we need to understand the field of ethics. Ethics or the field of moral philosophy basically involves defending, planning and recommending right or wrong behavior concepts. The field of ethics is divided into three general subject areas namely normative ethics, metaethics and applied ethics by today’s philosophers. While metaethics investigates the origin of ethical principles, normative ethics involves a more practical task which finds out the moral standards that control right or wrong behavior. On the other hand, applied ethics studies specific controversial issues (Feiser, 2009). Applied ethics usually attempts to resolve these controversial issues by using the concepts of both metaethics and normative ethics. Therefore, controversial issues usually depend on general normative principles, metaethics and discussion of applied ethics. Whether or not it is okay for regional airlines to pay first time pilots $20,000 is a question that falls under applied ethics. This issue has generated debate with supporters of the amount arguing that these pilots should be paid so because of the responsibility they carry on their shoulders. However, opponents argue that pilots are grossly overpaid and greedy. However, considering the huge salary difference between first year pilots and major captains, this figure raises a lot of questions. Even after probably accumulating in excess of $80,000 in student loans, those who believe that regional airlines should pay first year pilots $20,000 cite the following reasons for their support: Inexperience: Inexperience of the first year pilots may be considered as the one of ethical reasons why the regional airlines pay their first year pilots $20,000. For one to be promoted to a captain and earn ore money, their experience in the airline industry is quite critical. In fact, for most of these first year pilots, flying half way through the country, sleeping in airport trailers and lounges as well as sleeping in plane floors has become a normal routine as regional airline seeks to employ experienced pilots. Consequently, these pilots are usually paid $20,000 because of their inexperience. Tough Conditions: As I had earlier discussed, there are strict educational requirement for a person to become a professional in the airline industry. In addition to these strict academic requirements, airline pilots are also required to have a vast amount of experience in order to become professionals in the airline industry. In fact, in early 2000s, regional airlines insisted on candidates with a minimum of 1,500 of total flight hours prior to an interview. This demand was rewarded with a high pay when one was hire as a pilot. However the current $20,000 pay is as a result of the lowering of this demand to a total of 500 flight hours before an interview. It may therefore be ethical for regional airlines to pay this amount. Additionally, since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, many airline companies especially regional airliners have gone through tough economic times. These harsh economic times have not only been due to the recent recession but also because of the fact that many companies are reducing costs of their businesses. Reasons why it’s unethical: After considering reasons why it may be ethical for regional airlines to pay first year pilots $20,000, I strongly believe that it’s unethical for the airline to pay this amount given the fact that these pilots have already accrued in excess of $80,000 in student loans. This is because of the following reasons: Day to Day Challenges: This is one of the reasons why it’s unethical for regional airline to pay first time pilots $20,000 especially after they have accrued in excess of $80,000 in student loans. This reason is in opposition to the ethical theory of consequentialism which considers an action to be morally right if its results are more favorable than unfavorable. This ethical theory usually demands the tallying of both good and bad results of an action. This amount of money is less as compared to the fact that these pilots have to pay the loans which may demand up to $1,000. The unethical prove of this amount of pay is the fact that more than half of the pilots of regional airline commute to work and hold down second jobs in order to make ends meet (McGreal, 2010). I believe that it is totally unethical because these pilots have to regularly pay their loans while struggling to cope with the demands of life. Usually student loan payments exceed $1,000 a month and it may be a tall order for these first year pilots to manage the demands of life as well as pay the student debts (Bailey, 2010). Regional airline should consider paying the first year pilots more than $20,000 in order for them to manage paying their student debts and cope with life. With this amount of pay, the ethical theory of consequentialism is not put into consideration since these pilots begin their jobs deeply in debt. In addition to these huge debts, most of these pilots are often forced to fly half way around the country prior to commencement of work. Seniority and Selfish Ambitions: As compared to major airline captains who earn between $150,000 and $215,000 annually, regional airline pilots are paid much less. However, regional airline senior pilots earn much more than their first year counterparts. The seniority ladder is quite evident here but the salary difference is huge. While I agree that first time pilots in regional carriers cannot be paid the same amount with their senior counterparts, there is a need of setting a fair and reasonable pay for these pilots. In addition to this, these senior pilots make it unethical for regional airlines to pay first year pilots $20,000 because of their continual demand of pay increase through pilots’ unions. These increment demands are usually driven by selfish ambitions of these senior pilots. These senior pilots demand premium pay through the powerful pilots’ unions (Smith, n. d. ). The selfish driven payment increment demands falls under the ethical principle of psychological egoism. This ethical principle of psychological egoism basically concerns the intrinsic selfishness of humans. This ethical principle also upholds that self-oriented interests eventually motivate all human actions. Over and over again, airline companies are usually forced to budge into these payment demands. As a result, first year pilots who usually begin their careers in the toughest conditions are not paid enough to reside in major cities where there employers are. Due to their less pay and the huge student debts that they have to pay, first year pilots of regional airlines end up relatively poor. It’s not ethical for senior captains to continue earning close to $250,000 annually while their other counterparts who have student debts in excess of $80,000 earn $20,000. Responsibility and Demands: By and large this is one of the major reasons why it’s unethical for regional airlines to pay first year pilots this amount considering the responsibility that pilots carry on their shoulders. These pilots not only carry the responsibility of the passengers as well as loads of mail and freight but they also carry the responsibility of controlling the multi-million dollar aircrafts. The responsibility of these pilots has also been increased with the recent technological advances in the aviation industry. These technological changes have not only improved the speed, safety and design of the aircraft but they have also changed the demands on the pilot. These increased demands on the pilot are also necessitated by the strict academic requirements and complexity of air-traffic system. Consequently, these demands have made the piloting job to be very challenging and fatiguing. I believe that it’s unethical for regional airline to pay their first year pilots $20,000 considering these responsibilities and the nature of the piloting job. Regardless of the airline company they work for, first year pilots and professionals in this industry are not overpaid (â€Å"Ten Most Overpaid Jobs†, 2003). For first year pilots, this amount from regional airlines is not their full market value. Conclusion: Having looked at both sides of the debate on whether it’s ethical for regional airline to pay their first year pilots $20,000 even after accruing over $80,000 n student loans, I strongly believe that is totally unethical for them to be paid such an amount. The academic qualifications, responsibilities and demands of these pilots are not different from their senior counter parts. Furthermore, these pilots have huge student loans that they should pay on a monthly basis. With all these facts in consideration, the amount raises serious ethical questions than it answers. References: Hirschfeld, S. (2001, March 1). Pilots Pay Smeared In U. S Air Woes Outcry. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from http://www. airliners. net/aviation-forums/general_aviation/read. main/403979/ â€Å"Looking for a Career† (2009, April). Air Line Pilots Association, International (ALPA). Retrieved July 27, 2010, from http://www. learningforlife. org/exploring/aviation/alpa. pdf Feiser, J. (2009, May 10). Ethics. Retrieved from University of Tennessee at Martin website: http://www. iep. utm. edu/ethics/ Bailey, J. (2010). Pilot’s Dream Run into Reality. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from http://www. nytimes. com/2008/04/10/business/worldbusiness/10iht-pilots. 4. 11877334. html? pagewanted=1&_r=1 McGreal, C. (2010, January 11). A Pilot’s Life: Exhausting Hours for Meagre Wages. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/2010/jan/11/pilot-exhausting-hours-wages â€Å"Ten Most Overpaid Jobs† (2003, November 15). PPRuNE: Professional Pilots Rumour Network. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from http://www. pprune. org/rumours-news/108925-ten-most-overpaid-jobs-us-no-9-pilots-2. html Smith, P. (n. d. ). Overpaid Pilots? Retrieved July 27, 2010, from http://toolkit. bootsnall. com/transportation-travel-guide/air-travel-guide/ask-the-pilot-collection/general-maintenance/overpaid-pilots. html