Wednesday, August 26, 2020

The strength of the wolf is the pack the strength of the pack is the w

This to me seems like a well-known adage that my dad would let me know, your just as solid as the most fragile connection. In the marine corps this importance is very much practiced by all the marines. They realize that one marine can mean the distinction among life and passing and will all work to get the marines in their order under the equivalent physical and mental wellness. That is the reason when in training camp the entirety of the marines are gotten through similar preliminaries, they are dealt with like this so they will function as a group and when one falls the others will help. On the opposite side in the event that one marine is inadequate as a marine the whole unit Is incapable. In the start of training camp the enlisted people are put on the popular yellow impressions. They are rearranged through a structure getting deprived of any independence that they have in the matter of 36 hours. They are then gotten through the most noticeably awful conditions that the drill educators can consider and it is in support of one reason. This reason for existing is so the future marines can begin to learn just the corps. They discover that they are claimed and secured by the articles of direct of the US and they are modified ordinarily with the subject of this paper. They are instructed that they are just as solid as the most fragile connection and that they should help the more slow cadets. After training camp the marines will head out in their own direction. Now and again two or three the marines that graduated will be positioned together in a similar spot. It occurs yet they should never anticipate it as it is a 50-50 possibility. In the new station that they are given they are taking the aptitudes given to them from training camp. They can as a rule overlook these norms and commit errors that they should not to make. Anyway I should emphasize that marines are still just human, a mix-up that individuals make when considering them they stroll with another pride after the path they endure. Many attempt to destroy them and following 200 years they just giggle at the endeavors. If you somehow managed to go over a marine what might you see? Frequently individuals will say that they are pompous and cockerel and that they think they are divine beings. These things are mostly evident. Numerous marines really feel that when they are more youthful. As they develop they learn modesty and beauty and they become something looking like my dad. With the mindset that they may not be the best yet on the off chance that you hinder them they will move you. Marines consistently pay special mind to their own. They are, it could be said, similar to a wolf pack. They are faithful to their own and they will back one another in the mood for anything as long as that doesn?t mean they are violating the law. A marine will consistently be a marine, regardless of whether they are dead or resigned. What's more, once in a while when the need emerges they will be a wolf pack.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Emerson V Thoreau Essays - Lecturers, Transcendentalism, Free Essays

Emerson V Thoreau Essays - Lecturers, Transcendentalism, Free Essays Emerson V Thoreau Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau: Lecture Essay Walk 13, 1846 - A talk by Henry David Thoreau Henry D. Thoreau gave a mentally animating talk. His political and ecological positions charmed the crowd. His thoughts are characteristic of confidence, effortlessness and appreciation. His conveyance welcomed every audience to effectively appreciate what he said. Thoreau introduced his talk with the goal that the crowd had no real option except to contemplate and consider what he said. He was energetic in what he stated, as his qualities and perspectives spilled into the crowd like a stream fanning out from a waterway. Coming up next is the thing that I detracted from his discourse. Thoreau started his discourse by tending to his motivation of living alone-an expression of conversation in his talk and in the forested areas of Concord. I cited an entry that he got from his own book, under the supposition that it was something of noteworthiness, either to the crowd or himself. In either case, his announcement would uncover a piece of Thoreau that was of significance to him. I never found the friend that was so amicable as isolation. We are generally increasingly desolate when we travel to another country among men than when we remain in our chambers. A man thinking or working is in every case alone let him be the place he will. (p. 123) Thoreau delayed after he read. My underlying reaction to this announcement was to consider it. So isolation is genuinely a companion to you? He responded to my inquiry before I could address him. Without individuals, he had become a close acquaintence with the seasons. He kept on talking about his Natural companions, similar to the winged animals who sang for him, and the downpour, which engaged him. Thoreaus thought of isolation was that isolation is essentially an alternate perspective. Rather than the occasions and activities of others, he observed that ones own activities, musings and creative mind were of equivalent worth. As he spoke, I acknowledged what he said. His straying from society wasnt the aftereffect of aversion for it, however an individual benefit of living through his own eyes, as opposed to others eyes. He didn't require material things to quantify life. Thoreaus next endeavor included an angler. A tranquil man who angled without anyone else at Walden Pond. Thoreau recounted to an account of this man who went to the lake close to ordinarily in the spring and summer. He angled from the shore, never on a pontoon. Something isolated this man from the remainder of the individuals who came to angle. After he got the fish, regardless of the size, he would get together his rigging and leave. Where was this story driving? Thoreau respected the man who fulfilled himself so effectively, in spite of the fact that he never addressed the man. I thought about whether it was a genuine story. For what reason would a person need just one fish? Why so effortlessly fulfilled? My brain dashed as he talked, attempting to eat up and process the words that he said. Out of nowhere, without examination, I asked Thoreau an inquiry. Mr. Thoreau, I said. This man you discuss is not the same as numerous in his manners. He ventures such a separation for such a small prize. For what reason does he settle for less when he could have more absent a lot of negligible exertion? Thoreau grinned just because during his discourse, similar to he was engaged by my request. My answer can be no better than yours. That was all Thoreau said. At any rate he wasnt selfish. His answer appeared to raise me to his level. My answer was similarly on a par with some other answer in the room. Perhaps the person didnt even like fish; he simply needed to be outside. Or on the other hand perhaps his child suffocated there in the lake, and he expected to have a piece of him ordinary, regardless of how huge or little of a section it might be. Thoreau kept on discussing the angler. Albeit calm, the man was not quiet. He grinned when others welcomed him, and offered his hand when other anglers tried to dispatch their vessels. He cherishes his life, which is something that not every person encounters, Thoreau looked at me. Is it not simpler to be glad when your needs are not many? Here Thoreau started

Thursday, August 20, 2020

Multi-Day Weekend at MIT

Multi-Day Weekend at MIT Now that CPW is over, things are a little less hectic around the office. Mostly, were catching up on work, answering individual questions from admitted students (do you have any? Leave them in the comments; Questions Omnibus soon) while at the same time, beginng to work with gasp! the applicant Class of 2010. As for me, I spent a good part of today preparing for upcoming travels, including some college fairs Ill be attending as well as the Intel International Science Engineering Fair (ISEF) in Phoenix next month (more on that to come). This weekend is a four day weekend for MIT students (but only a three day weekend for staff) thanks to a rather obscure Massachusetts holiday called Patriots Day. The Patriots Day festivities include the Boston Marathon as well as a very early Red Sox game (first pitch: 11:05am). The idea is to have the crowd from Fenway Park exit the stadium just in time to watch the lead runners come through Kenmore Square, though it doesnt always work out that way. A better option for Marathon-watching is the legendary party hosted by MITs Phi Sigma Kappa, co-sponsored by the local alternative rock radio station (WBCN) and national brands like Gatorade. The runners (including the MIT runners!) go right by the Phi Sig house. Its really pretty cool. I need to put in a plug for two other events this weekend. First, MITs South Asian Culture Show, always a great and huge event, a great place to check out traditional Indian dance like Kathak, Kuchipudi, and Bharatanatyam, modern Filmi dance and song, classical Indian music, and Bhangra. Also, the Musical Theater Guild production of Stephen Sondheims Company closes tomorrow. Tomorrow, I have to work in the morning, as I get to present to MITs SEED Academy. Afterwards, its off to the suburbs for an Admissions Office potluck and grill. Should be fun! Finally, Ill be off to Maine for a relaxing rest of the three day weekend. Mmm lobster =)

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Key Characteristics of Gothic Architecture - 1436 Words

What architectural changes were necessary in the shift from Romanesque to Gothic cathedrals in Europe and what inspirational changes influenced these changes? A. Plan of Investigation This investigation’s purpose is to analyze the changes in the architectural technique of the Romanesque style of architecture and come to a conclusion as to whether the shift in technique led to the rise of the more grandiose Gothic architecture in Europe. All art is inspired and the influences that caused the change in technique will also be investigated. In order to come to a conclusion I read books on the two styles I compared, studied some examples of each form of architecture through photographs, and listened to a few podcasts on the topic. Many of the†¦show more content†¦Flying buttresses such as the ones featured in the Chartres cathedral provided additional support outside of the building. The walls of Gothic cathedrals were relatively thin and the buildings themselves were hollow. With the much more slender skeleton, architects were able to add larger windows to the buildings. The insides of Gothic cathedrals were very well-lit due to the abundance of large stained glass windows. Gothic cathedrals were known for the light that was let in as it made them â€Å"look like heaven.† (differencebetween.net) â€Å"People during both the Romanesque and Gothic period were obsessed with heights. Buildings were desired to reach the limit of their heights.† (Tripathi) Both had the goal of reaching the heavens and being grander than the previous wooden-roof churches. The answer medieval architects came to was to build a stronger support system made of arches. What differentiated the two was how the architects implemented the arches. C. Evaluation of Sources One of the sources used is the book A Concise History of Western Architecture by R. Furneaux Jordan. The book was published in the US in 1970 with the purpose of providing a reference and putting together information about the different types of architecture in the West. A limitation of this source is that it is not an up-to-date source having been published over 40 years ago. The value, however, comes from the fact that it had the ability toShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Eastern And Western European Architectural Styles1223 Words   |  5 PagesGothic architecture is often characterized just by the visual aspects that define it; however, there is much deeper influence in the structure and form of the style. The term is sometimes used to define a time period, but some critics believe there is no true definition of the term gothic. The style has evolved from many different things throughout history, and its influence is still evident throughout buildings in Europe. Gothic arc hitecture and different styles of architecture can commonly beRead MoreArchitectural Styles Of The Ottoman Empire993 Words   |  4 PagesDistinguishable characteristics like the form, method of construction, regional features, and the materials used to make a building or any other construction, which helps in identifying that structure amongst others are what comprise an architectural style. Architectural styles have a vast diversity as they represent changes in beliefs, religion, fashion, and the invention of new technology over a broad time period. Over the ages, different empires would rule over a region with each ruler of thoseRead MoreEssay about European Gothic Architecture â€Å"Los Angeles Adaptation†1613 Words   |  7 Pages The history of Architecture started long time ago. The nomadic were groups of people whom move from one place to another in order find shelter and food to survive. As they progress, their techniques to survive evolve. The need for a permanen t shelter became vital for a better stability of the group. This is the time when the first structures that provided protection appeared. Post and lintel were the first forms of Architecture, that satisficed the basic needs. Architecture evolved to be more sophisticatedRead MoreMost Memorable Works Of Architecture971 Words   |  4 PagesThere have been many memorable works of architecture in ancient history. So many, in fact, that it can sometimes be pretty overwhelming. It is always interesting to think about how much these individuals of the ancient world built given how behind they were compared to our lives today. In the big scheme of things, they were actually probably better off than we are today. One of the most admired and intricate works of architecture from the medieval French era is known as the Chartres Cathedral (AKARead MoreThe Patterns Of Gothic Architecture755 Words   |  4 Pagesshift to Gothic architecture. Before this, medieval Europe was dominated by the Rom anesque style. Seeing that this is where Gothic architecture derived, they are very similar, apart from certain added characteristics. Amongst these are pointed arches and cross/groin-ribbed vaults in contrast to the previous rounded arches and barrel vaults. The design gave way to taller more massive structures, and stained glass windows by way of flying buttresses, yet another key feature of the Gothic style. BeyondRead MoreArt and Architecture in the Middle Ages and Renaissance Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagesmost visible through art and architecture, demonstrated specifically through an emphasis on religion or classical antiquity, and humanity. During the Middle Ages, art was more religious because it had a very religious influence from the church having such great power in the community. When the Renaissance started, art became more focused on ancient Greece. The Greek influence was because scholars were broadly studying the revival of classical antiquity. The architecture was affected in the same wayRead More A Critical Essay on Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)1221 Words   |  5 Pagesauthor Alexandra Iftodi Zamfir (1986- ) argues that â€Å"architecture and settings are more important in Gothic fiction than in any other type of literature†¦all architectural elements are closely connected with Gothic protagonists and the plot.† (Zamfir. 2011: 15). This critical essay will first consider and analyse this statement and investigate the style, language and form of the American author Edgar Allan Poe’s (1809-1849) macabre and Gothic fictional prose The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)Read MoreBuilding : The Basilica Of Sant Ambrogio2204 Words   |  9 Pages1: THE GOTHIC (10%) Question 1A: (1 mark per answer, total of 4 marks) Identify the building in each of the Figures 1.1 – 1.4. Describe one key aspect of its architecture below. Figure 1.1 Building: The Basilica of Sant’Ambrogio Architect: St. Ambrose Key Aspect: The Basilica of Sant’Ambrogio’s layout acquires a semi-circular apse, and a couple smaller semi-circular chapels at the end of the buildings aisles with no transept in the buildings design at all, which is unusual for a Gothic style churchRead MoreAaron Fyler. Mrs.Schroder. English Iv. 5 December 2016.1174 Words   |  5 PagesAaron Fyler Mrs.Schroder English IV 5 December 2016 Gothic Influences within Frankenstein Gothic has its origins from the Germanic tribes who invaded and plundered Rome and other European nations during the third, fourth, and fifth centuries. The word Gothic became connected to words like barbaric and savage and was integrated into the Middle ages due to the time period itself being referred to as unenlightened and superstitious (Architecture). Its first entrance into literature occurred in HoraceRead MoreGothic Style and Its Influence on Modern Day Concept Arts Essay5432 Words   |  22 PagesSESSION 2012/2013 GKA 2043 Research Methodology Title: The Study of Gothic Style and Its Influence on Modern Day Concept Arts Introduction: Gothic art flourished from the 12th century to the 16th century in Europe in response of the Byzantine and Romanesque tradition. Although Gothic is associated with arts, its most prominent use is in architecture, mainly for its pointed arch and flying buttress. To this day, the Gothic style is taken as a ‘label’ for visual arts such as concept art designs

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Minnesota Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Minnesota 2019

The North Star State of Minnesota houses one of the busiest inland harbors in the U.S. as well as the Saint Lawrence Seaway, a significant port for overseas trade. Over half of Minnesotans reside in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. However, education and career opportunities abound throughout the state thanks to Minnesota colleges and universities. Graduates of Minnesota Colleges and Universities Find Employment in Prestigious Occupations Minnesota has some of the nations most highly educated people, making it home to many successful companies. Printing and publishing, outdoor tourism, and high technology manufacturing are some of the most prominent employers of Minnesota college graduates. Well-known companies in Minnesota include: Target Corporation headquartered in Twin Cities, MN. Best Buy headquartered in Twin Cities, MN. Mall of America in Bloomington, MN. IBM with a large plant in Rochester, MN. Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. Seagate Technology headquartered in Shakopee, MN. .u7206098637f4492db15b83a01d350530 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u7206098637f4492db15b83a01d350530:active, .u7206098637f4492db15b83a01d350530:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u7206098637f4492db15b83a01d350530 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u7206098637f4492db15b83a01d350530 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u7206098637f4492db15b83a01d350530 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u7206098637f4492db15b83a01d350530:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Solving Environmental Problems with Science and TechnologyLow Unemployment Rates and High Salaries Encourage Minnesota College Graduates to Build Local Careers Minnesota boasts an unemployment rate below the national average along with a median household income well above the national average. Consequently, Minnesota college graduates have little reason to leave the states thriving economy. The Department of Labor and U.S. Census Bureau reveal: The 2016 2017 Minnesota median household income was $56,098, approximately $10,000 above the national average. The September, 2017 Minnesota unemployment rate was 3%, compared to the national average of 4%. 2,843,900 people are employed in Minnesota. The 2017 Minnesota gross state product was $233 billion. Online and Campus Based Minnesota Colleges and Universities Provide Access to Higher Education throughout the State Whether living in the Twin Cities metropolitan area or Greater Minnesota, individuals have access to flexible education options through Minnesota colleges and universities. Minnesota offers both campus-based and online education through schools, such as: University Of Phoenix: Minneapolis/St Louis Park College Campus and Online Programs. ITT Technical Institute: Eden Prairie College Campus, Woodbury College Campus, and Online Programs. Kaplan University: Minnesota Online Programs. Ashford University: Minnesota Online Programs. .uf325cc049cb63610cb69347a7ad7db15 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uf325cc049cb63610cb69347a7ad7db15:active, .uf325cc049cb63610cb69347a7ad7db15:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uf325cc049cb63610cb69347a7ad7db15 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uf325cc049cb63610cb69347a7ad7db15 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uf325cc049cb63610cb69347a7ad7db15 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uf325cc049cb63610cb69347a7ad7db15:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Preparing a Healthier Financial Future Through Healthcare Management EducationFor more links to Minnesota colleges and universities, students are encouraged to visit College-Pages.com, the leading education and career resource website. Prospective students will also find access to informative articles about making education and career decisions in Minnesota. Related ArticlesNorth Dakota Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in North DakotaNew York Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in New York, the Empire StateKentucky Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus-based Education in Kentucky, the Bluegrass StateColleges and Universities in Guam Pursuing Online Education in GuamVirginia Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Virginia, the Old Dominion StateArizona Colleges and Universities Pursing Advanced Education in The Grand Canyon State

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Mintzberg Free Essays

The company is a Microsoft certified Partner. The Hosting market in the UK is set to grow by 1 1. % CARR over the next 5 years from a basses Emma in 2008. We will write a custom essay sample on Mintzberg or any similar topic only for you Order Now This growth being driven to by factors that fit well with the economic climate- cost reduction, increased efficiency, scalability and flexibility. In addition, the Hosting market speculated with a wide range of similar product offerings often only differentiated by relativism’s technical variables. Being competitive In this market relies on adding value by additional reappraisal services such as consultancy and high levels of technical service supported opportunity for â€Å"Company A† lies in providing value-added services that deliver seduction, increased efficiency, scalability and flexibility. â€Å"Company A† has a product range to compete with the best providers with ready-to-go serviettes through to highly complex solutions. It is the leading supplier of Filmmaker tablespoonful In the UK and Is a Microsoft Certified Partner. In addition â€Å"Company through its service levels. Let provides a superior level of hand-holding and technical support that differentiates itself frothier hosting providers. â€Å"Company A† is well positioned to convert this opportunity into significant growth with distressing product angel and high service levels but has identified a need to increase its marketability. It has therefore created a plan to develop its sales and marketing structure which wildcatters on this opportunity and double its revenue over the next three years. Core to thespian is investment in three target growth areas with low cost of sale that provide low risk endothelial high return. This will increase its currently low visibility with its customers and in thematic place, develop new sales channels and increase large customer sales. With 75% of revenue currently generated wrought solid and predictable monthly irresistibleness, and cash providing xx cover of its monthly overheads the company is in a gastrointestinal position. It is able to support its growth plans with its current borrowing and does anticipate any need for further loan or equity finance. Page 3 of 26 â€Å"Company A† Limited – Business Plan Commentary) BACKGROUND†Company A† Limited (â€Å"The Company’) is a middle tier hosting company based annex, UK with an annual turnover of Exam in the full year to July 2008. It was established Sears ago to provide web-development and ousting services and is now 100% focused nonbinding hosted services – internet hosting, back-up and email services – from its secure decanter in the UK. The company is the leading supplier of XX hosting solutions and is Microsoft Gold Certified Partner. It offers simple Ready-To-Go-Systems and built trotter Complex Hosted Systems as well as the ability to host customer hardware ‘nits secure data centre. It also offers Domain Management for its clients. The Company has a client base of around 600 small, medium and large boisterousness’s both internationally and in the I-J that include Abacus Media, Prestige Property,Worldwide [Daily Telegraph, Kodak Dental Systems and Sifts. Clients are served by XX staff who provide a 2417 managed service environment and range of expertise that includes Linux, Myself Server, Cisco Jupiter Networks, Happy Dell storage, ASS and Apache Servers, SAP, PH, Ajax and . NET. The Company is run by Managing Director Joe Oblongs who has over 20 years of IT interdependence, and Josephine Oblongs who has guided the growth of the company as Financial undemonstrative Director. To date the company has been funded by a mixture of loan and equity finance secured by decrement directors of the company. The many is in a stable financial position with good recurring business but has yet to reaching full market potential. With the experience of the current directors and operations team and the recruitment of experiences sales and marketing personnel it has developed a growth plantar will see its revenue double over the next three years to around Exam. How to cite Mintzberg, Papers

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Before World War II broke out the world took a wil Essay Example For Students

Before World War II broke out the world took a wil Essay d ride during Hitlers rise to power. The entire world didnt think that he would become as powerful as he became. Hitlerachieved his power by relying on the nerviness of the world to sit back and allow him todo what he wanted. The world was too concerned about the political, economic andmilitant to busy worrying about the Germans who where thinking about ruling the world. Before and during the war, the world was concerned about the economic system. Eversince World War I, the world countries have been in and out of depressions, no onewanted another war. The United States, which was in the Greatest Depression of all, wasits a big problem itself. The US didnt want war, especially after the last one they foughtwith huge causalities and huge amounts of money spent. The citizens of the US didntwant another war because they knew that another war would cause another depressionand that was something that the people didnt want. Even thought the war would createjobs, and put the economy back into a war boom, the American public didnt want tohave to deal with the downsides of a war. The major downside being the huge economictoll it would take on the government, which would be fighting on two oceans on differentsides of the world. It would become very costly to maintain war and win too. The world also had enormous political concerns. The US was in a period of major andthey wanted no part of anything else in the world, except the Western Hemisphere. WithGermanys rise of Nazism, the world responded with fascist parties popping up in everynation across the world. Hitler has spread his beliefs into every county in the entire world,exactly what he wanted. These parties responded to every action that their leader took;they helped him scout out a specific country and infiltrate that countrys government. These parties believe in Hitler and did whatever he told them to do, including in theUnited States. After the countries realized Hitlers power they all formed differentalliances. The Germans allied with Italy and Japan. The US allied with Great Britain,France, and the Soviet Union. It seemed as though each day another country would signup with either side. Sometimes, even, countries would agree not to fight each. The pre-war and during the war, militaries from all countries fought a war with superiorequipment than in the last war. With the invention of the plane, tank, machinegun spreadwar supplies all over the globe and allowed each country to empower itself. The USprepared for war by passing a series of congressional acts that enabled the war budget toincrease dramatically. These acts also allowed for the US to help other countries withoutactually engaging in the war. The US supplied Great Britain with supplies and shipswithout ever declaring war on Germany. Germanys invention of t he Blitzkrieg theyattacked nations and conquered them in single days. No nation had ever seen tactics likethis before, and they worked for Hitler. Hitlers air force was the best in the world; he hadthe most planes with the best pilots. They were unstoppable. Japans increase in militarypower proved itself with the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December. Japan showed off itsmassive air force that dominated and destroyed the majority of the United States Navyfleet. World War II was a war that brought the world together. Their wasnt a place on the earthwere this war wasnt fought. Their wasnt a place on this earth were people didnt takesides, whether with the Allies or the Axis powers. The war brought countries like theUnited States and the Soviet Union together. However, the war did bring massdestruction the Europe and the massive demise of the people hated by the Nazis. Hitleralmost wiped out an entire race; however, he failed because the on dominance andperseverance of democracy upon the world. .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f , .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f .postImageUrl , .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f , .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f:hover , .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f:visited , .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f:active { border:0!important; } .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f:active , .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2a93fa3ef69cb7a2d53b46b2c8c7503f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Corruption in Annawadi EssayWorld War Two was a terrible and destructive war. Although many dynamics led to theadvent of World War Two, the catalyst of the Second World War was actually theaftermath of the First World War. The First World Wars aftermath set the stage for therise of Hitler. On Nov. 11, 1918, an armistice was signed by the German commanders in the railcar ofthe French commander, Ferdinand Foch, ending the

Thursday, April 2, 2020

Tennessee Williams Conclusion Essay Example For Students

Tennessee Williams Conclusion Essay I. Teaching/Learning Objectives for College-Level StudentsIn this first section, I will list some teaching/learning objectivesfor college-level students studying Tennessee Williams. They are: * To read and comprehend the plays written by Williams. * To be able to explain quotes and/or passages from the plays. * To be able to tell about the life of Tennessee Williams. We will write a custom essay on Tennessee Williams Conclusion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now * To have an understanding of the 20th century culture (ex. language, family life, etc.). * To be able to read and respond to the plays by writing essays ofcriticism. * To be able to do through research on Williams. * To learn how to enjoy the writings of Tennessee Williams. II. Brief Overview of Tennessee Williams CareerTennessee Williams was born Thomas Lanier Williams in 1911. Heattended the Universityof Missouri in Columbia (Blooms BioCritiques, 21). There he became thefirst freshman to win an honorable mention in the Dramatic Arts Club One-Act Play Contest (Blooms BioCritiques, 22). One of the poems he wrotewas published in his college yearbook in 1932. In 1938, Williams graduated from the University of Iowa (BloomsBioCritiques, 115) and in 1939, he received the Rockefeller grant(Blooms BioCritiques, 115). In 1944, one of his most famous plays, TheGlass Menagerie, opens up in Chicago. Three years later, A Streetcar NamedDesire is debuted. Within the next ten years, Williams had written atleast ten other plays. In 1961, he won the New York Critics CircleAward (Blooms BioCritiques, 116). He received that National Arts Clubgod medal for literature (Blooms BioCritiques, 117) in 1975. Williamsreceived an honorary degree from Harvard University (BloomsBioCritiques, 117) in 1982, a year before he died. III. Analysis/Close Reading of The Glass MenagerieThe Glass Menagerie has four main characters. They are AmandaWingfield, TomWingfield, Laura Wingfield, and Jim OConnor. Amanda Wingfield is thesingle mother in the play. Her husband had deserted the family yearsbefore. Tom Wingfield is the son of Amanda. He works in a shoe warehouseand is the main breadwinner of the family. Laura Wingfield is the daughterof Amanda. She is slightly disabled and enjoys playing with her collectionof glass animals. Last, but not least, Jim OConnor is the man who Laurahad liked in high school. He later shows up at their home as a gentlemancaller for Laura. There are many themes that the readers must take underconsideration. They are: escape, disappointment, dreams, hope, anddespair. This analysis comes from The Anthology of American Literature. In Scene I, Tom is seen addressing the audience from the fire escape. He tells the audience that this is a memory play (Williams, 1450). Healso tells them about the other characters in the play. Tom speaks abouthis father who had left the family some time ago. He said that his fatherwas a telephone man who fell in love with long distances (Williams,1450). Tom goes into the dining room where Amanda and Laura are. Amanda,being a nagging mother, is fussing at Tom about how he eats his food. Thisstarts a small argument between the two and Tom goes into the living room. Laura gets up the blanc mange (Williams, 1451). Amanda tells her to sitdown because she wants her to be fresh for her gentlemen callers. Lauratells her that she is not expecting any. Amanda then begins to tell herstory of how she had seventeen gentlemen callers in one day. Laura and Tompatiently listen to the story once more. Amanda sends Laura into theliving room to practice her typing. She also tells Laura to Stay freshand pretty Its almost time for our gentleman callers to start arriving(Williams, 1452). Laura is sure that she would not have any and she feelsthat her mother was afraid that she was going to be an old maid(Williams, 1452). As Scene 2 opens up, Laura is seen playing with her glass animals. Assoon as she hears Amanda coming, she puts them away quickly and pretends tostudy her typewriting homework. When Amanda comes in, Laura asks her howeverything was. Amanda accuses Laura of deceiving her, but Laura does notknow what she is referring to. She tells Laura that she had gone toRublicans Business College (Williams, 1454) to check on Laurasprogress. When she talked to the typing teacher, the teacher did not evenknow who Laura was. Amanda complains about losing fifty dollars on tuitionand the thought of her dreams for Laura going downhill. She demands thatLaura tell her where she goes when she is not a school. Laura explains toher that she takes walks in the park. She then tells Amanda that she hadgotten sick one day and could not go back. Amanda begins to wonder aboutwhat happens to young girls who do not have a future career in mind. Shesays, Ive seen such pitiful cases in the South barely toleratedspinster s living upon the grudging patronage of sisters husband orbrothers wife (Williams, 1455). Amanda then asks Laura if she had ever liked a boy. Laura tells heryes, a boy named Jim. She tells Amanda a little about Jim and how he usedto call her Blue Roses (Williams, 1455). Amanda all of a sudden says,Girls that arent cut out for business careers usually wind up married tosome nice man. Sister, thats what youll do (Williams, 1456). Lauradoes not think so because she is crippled. Amanda does not like for Laurato use the word cripple and says that all she needs to do is to developcharm (Williams, 1456). Scene 3 shows Tom on the fire escape talking about his mothers plansfor Laura. He tells the audience that in order to raise some extra money,she started trying to recruit subscribers for a magazine by telephone. Thescreen image changes to a glamor magazine (Williams, 1456) as Amandaenters the room. Amanda is having a phone conversation with a woman fromher D.A.R. group. She is trying to get her to renew her subscription tothe magazine. While shes talking, the woman says that she smellssomething burning in the kitchen and hangs up. The scene then dims out. As the lights on stage appear again, the audience can hear a heatedargument between Amanda and Tom. Tom is angry because Amanda had returneda library book without his permission. Amanda says, I took that horriblenovel back to the library yes! That hideous book by that insane Mr. .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8 , .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8 .postImageUrl , .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8 , .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8:hover , .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8:visited , .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8:active { border:0!important; } .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8:active , .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8 .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u03fde1068fd3699522e488bdac9c48f8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Paper on Cheating EssayLawrence (Williams, 1457). Tom lashes back by saying that he is the onewho pays the rent on the house. Tom walks out into the dining room andAmanda follows. Amanda tells him, I am at the end of my patience(Williams, 1458). Tom tells he that he has too. Amanda tells him that shethinks that he is ashamed of some of the things that he has been doing andthat is the reason for his behavior. She also thinks that he has beenlying about going to the movies every night. She says that he has no rightto jeopardize his job and their security. Tom tells her that he does notlike his job at the warehouse. The only reason that he stays is so he cansupport the family . Amanda thinks that he is being selfish. Tom pointsout to her that if he is being selfish, Id be where he is -GONE(Williams, 1458)! He says this while pointing at his fathers picture. Tom attempts to leave saying that he is going to the movies when Amandagrabs him by the arm. As he looks for his coat, he calls her an ugly babbling old witch (Williams, 1459). Tom tries to put the coat on andthe shoulder rips. He throws it across the room and it hits Lauras glasscollection. Laura begins to shriek and yells, My glass! -menagerie(Williams, 1459). Amanda turns to Tom and says that she wont speak to himuntil he apologizes to Laura. He goes over to clean up the broken glass onthe floor. As looks at Laura as if he wanted to say something but he couldnot speak. When Lauras glass shattered, a piece of her was shattered too. Scene 4 opens up with Tom returning home from the movies. He tellsher that he went to see a big stage show (Williams, 1460) starringMalvolio the Magician (Williams, 1460). He explains to her how he hadchanged water into wine and beer into whiskey. Tom says the wonderfullesttrick of all (Williams, 1460) was when he managed to escape from a nailedcoffin. He asks, But who the hell ever got himself out of one (a coffin)without ever removing a nail (Williams, 1460)? Then, a grinningphotograph (Williams, 1460) of his father lights up. The scene fades. Amanda sends Laura to wake Tom up since she is still not speaking tohim. Laura begs him to apologize, but he refuses. He says, Her notspeaking is that such a tragedy (Williams, 1460)? Amanda keeps callingLaura because she wants her to go to the store to get some butter. AsLaura leaves, she slips on the stairs and Tom and Amanda rush to see whathad happened. Laura says that she is okay. Amanda keeps talking about howthe landlord should shape up. Then she realizes that is was not speakingto Tom. Tom goes to the kitchen and has a cup of coffee. The hot coffee burnshis tongue and he gasps. Amanda turned to see if he was okay. Tom thenapologizes to his mother. She starts to cry saying, My devotion has mademe a witch and so I make myself hateful to my children (Williams, 1461). She tells Tom how important he has been to her since her husband left. Theconversation then turns to Laura. Amanda tells him that she had seen Lauracrying in her room and she thinks that it is because Tom is unhappy. Sheasks him why does he go to the movies so much. Tom tells her that he goesbecause he likes adventure. Amanda says that most men find adventure attheir jobs. Tom says that he does not. He tells her that a man is byinstinct a lover, a hunter, a fighter (Williams, 1463). Amanda does notwant to hear that nonsense, so Tom gets up to leave. Amanda wont let himleave because she is not finished talking about Laura yet. Amanda says that she had found a letter from the Merchant Marines andshe knows that Tomwants to go. She says that he can go only if he finds a husband for Laura. She wants him to find someone at his job to bring home. Tom reluctantlyagrees to do so. Amanda is happy now. In Scene 5, Amanda is asking Tom to comb his hair and for him not tosmoke so much. Shesays that the money he sends on cigarettes could have been used to take anight-school course (Williams, 1465). Amanda comes out onto the fireescape with Tom. They both make wishes on the new moon. Amanda says thatshe wished for, success and happiness for my precious children (Williams,1466). Tom thought that she might have wished for a gentleman caller(Williams, 1466). He tells her that he had found someone at his job forLaura and that he was going to bring him home tomorrow. Amanda says thatshe does not have enough time to prepare. They go back inside so that Tom could tell her about the gentleman. He tells her that his name is Jim OConnor who is a shipping clerk(Williams, 1468). Amanda asks whether or not he drinks because, Old maidsare better off than wives of drunkards (Williams, 1468). Tom tells herthat OConnor does not even know about Laura yet, but Amanda is sure thathe will like her. Tom does not think so because Laura is crippled. Amandadoes not like for him to use that word. Tom gets up to go to the movies and Amanda yells down the fire escapeafter him that she still doesnt believe he goes to the movies. She callsto Laura to come make a wish on the moon. She asks what she should wish forand Amanda, with tears, says, Happiness and good fortune (Williams,1470). Scene 6 opens up with Tom narrating to the audience. He says that hehad brought Jim homethe next night. He then goes on to tell about Jims achievements in highschool. As the curtainsrise, we see Amanda hemming Lauras dress. Laura is nervous. Amandacannot understand why Laura is so antisocial. Amanda puts the finaltouches to Lauras appearance by stuffing her bra with two powder puffs. Amanda then goes off to get dressed also. Amanda comes back in the room wearing a yellowed voile with a bluesilk sash (Williams, 1472). She is also carrying a bouquet of flowers. Amanda then starts to tell the story about the summer she met her husband. Laura asks what Mr. OConnor full name is and Amanda says, Jim OConnor(Williams, 1473). After hearing this, Laura almost faints. She says thatshe will not come to the table if it is the Jim OConnor she knew fromschool. Amanda will not hear of it. She says that Laura has to let themin because Jim had left his key. .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8 , .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8 .postImageUrl , .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8 , .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8:hover , .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8:visited , .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8:active { border:0!important; } .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8:active , .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8 .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u35b9ae30d50c8a80ae4dc4821ad4ced8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Violence: Dont Play That Game? EssayLaura is sitting in the living room when she hears the guys coming upthe fire escape. Amanda tells her to open the door, but she just sitsthere. Laura claims to be sick. After she lets them in, Laura immediatelyleaves the room. Tom explains to Jim that Laura is terribly shy(Williams, 1474). Tom and Jim go on the fire escape to smoke and to talk about work. Amanda calls them inside. Amandas dress and attitude surprise them. Shesends Tom to get Laura and Tom comes back saying that Laura is not feelingwell. Amanda insists that she comes and eats. Laura comes in and stumblesover a chair. Amanda realizes that Laura may actually be sick. She tellsTom to help Laura over to the sofa. The other three go back to eatingdinner. As Tom is praying, Amanda steals a nervous glance at Jim(Williams, 1478). Laura is seen on the sofa with her hands over her mouthtrying to hold back a sob. As the curtains rise for Scene 7, Laura is still seen lying on thesofa. As soon as the othersfinish eating dinner, the lights go out because the bill has not been paid. Amanda lights a candle and goes to check the fuse box with Jims help. She makes Tom help with the dishes. Jim goes to keep Laura company. Laura is nervous talking to Jim, but Jim is comfortable. He asks herto sit on the floor with him and she does. Jim tells her that he judgesher to be an old-fashioned type of girl (Williams, 1481). Laura asks himwhether or not he had kept up with his singing. Jim then realizes that hehad known her from highschool. She tells him that he used to call herBlue Roses (Williams, 1481). He remembers that she was a loner andalways self-conscious because of her leg braces. Laura then goes to get a highschool yearbook. The two begin to lookat pictures. Laura tells Jim that she went to three performances of ThePirates of Penzance hoping that he would sign her program. She says thatshe did not come up to him because he was always surrounded by a group ofpeople. Jim takes one of her programs and signs it saying, My signatureisnt worth very much right now. But some day maybe it will increase invalue (Williams, 1484)! They then talk about school and their futuredreams. Laura asks Jim about his highschool girlfriend and if they wereengaged or not. Jim says that they never were and that he never sees her. Laura shows Jim her glass collection. She points out that herfavorite one is the unicorn. Jimputs the unicorn back on the table and goes to the fire escape door. Heopens the door and hears waltz music coming from the Paradise Dance Hall(Williams, 1486). He asks Laura if she would like to dance. She says thatshe cant dance. He convinces her to try and they start dancing a clumsywaltz (Williams, 1487). As they are dancing, they bump into the table andthe unicorn falls on the floor and breaks. The horn is lost. Jim feelsbad because it was her favorite. Surprisingly, Laura is not too upsetabout it. She says, Glass breaks so easily. No matter how careful youare (Williams, 1487). Jim is impressed by her sense of humor. His voicechanges as he begins to tell her how different she is from other girls andhow pretty she is. He insists on kissing her and he does. After doingthis, he realizes that he has made a mistake. Jim explains to Laura thathe is dating someone else. He goes on to talk about how wonderful it is tobe in love and that this girl has turned his life around. Laura then givesJim the broken unicorn as a souvenir (Williams, 1490). This is a symbolthat Laura is heartbroken. Amanda comes into the room and Jim then tellsthem that he and his girlfriend are getting married the second Sunday inJune (Williams, 1491). Amanda is surprised and wonders why Tom did nottell them. Jim tells her that no one at his job knows yet. He then thanksher for her hospitality and Laura for the souvenir and leaves. Laura sits by the Victrola and winds it up. Amanda calls Jim in andtells him, What awonderful joke you played on us (Williams, 1492)! Jim does not know whatshe is talkingabout. Amanda tells him that Jim is engaged. Tom says that he did notknow. He says, the warehouse is where I work, not where I know thingsabout people (Williams, 1492)! Amanda insists that he lives in a dreamworld. Tom attempts to walk out saying that he is going to the movies. Amanda accuses him of being selfish once more. He tells her, The more youshout about my selfishness to me the quicker Ill go, and I wont go to themovies (Williams, 1492)! She tells him to just go to the moon. Tomsmashes his glass on the floor (Williams, 1492) and storms out of thehouse. At the end of the play, Tom is seen narrating from the fire escape. He says, I didnt go to the moon, I went much further for time is thelongest distance between two places (Williams, 1492). He explains that hewas fired from his job for writing a poem on the lid of a shoe-box(Williams, 1492). He says that he followed in his fathers footsteps. Hesays that he continues to think about Laura wherever he goes. IV.Williams Style and Literary MentorsThe World Book Encyclopedia says that Williams is an Americanplaywright whose dramasPortray the loneliness and isolation of man. He has been criticized forhis use of violence andsexual abnormality, but his dominant tone is one of tenderness andcompassion. The language of his plays is occasionally coarse n thenaturalistic tradition, but it is generally poetic (261). Tennessee Williams had many literary mentors. He enjoyed the works ofOscar Wilde (Blooms BioCritiques, 82), Percy Shelley (BloomsBioCritiques, 82), John Keats (Blooms BioCritiques, 82), Shakespeare andothers.

Sunday, March 8, 2020

Biography of Betty Friedan, Feminist, Writer, Activist

Biography of Betty Friedan, Feminist, Writer, Activist Betty Friedan (February 4, 1921–February 4, 2006) was an author and activist whose seminal 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is credited with helping spark the modern feminist movement in the United States. Among her other accomplishments, Friedan was the founder and first president of the National Organization for Women (NOW). Fast Facts: Betty Friedan Known For: Helping spark the modern feminist movement; founder and first president of the National Organization of WomenAlso Known As: Betty Naomi GoldsteinBorn: February 4, 1921 in Peoria, IllinoisParents: Harry M. Goldstein, Miriam Goldstein  Horwitz OberndorfDied: February 4, 2006 in Washington, D.C.Education: Smith College  (BA), University of California, Berkeley (M.A.)Published Works: The Feminine Mystique (1963), The Second Stage (1981), Life so Far (2000)Awards and Honors: Humanist of the Year from the American Humanist Association (1975), Mort Weisinger Award from the American Society of Journalists and Authors (1979), Induction into the National Womens Hall of Fame (1993)Spouse: Carl Friedan (m. 1947–1969)Children: Daniel, Emily, JonathanNotable Quote:  A woman is handicapped by her sex, and handicaps society, either by slavishly copying the pattern of mans advance in the professions or by refusing to compete with man at all. Early Years Friedan was born on February 4, 1921, in Peoria, Illinois as Betty Naomi Goldstein. Her parents were immigrant Jews. Her father was a jeweler and her mother, who had been an editor of the womens pages of a newspaper, left her job to become a homemaker. Bettys mother was unhappy in that choice, and she pushed Betty to get a college education and pursue a career. Betty later dropped out of her doctoral program at the University of California at Berkeley, where she was studying group dynamics, and moved to New York to pursue a career. During World War II, she worked as a reporter for a labor service, and had to give up her job to a veteran who returned at the end of the war. She worked as a clinical psychologist and social researcher along with being a writer. She met and married theatrical producer Carl Friedan, and they moved to Greenwich Village. She took a maternity leave from her job for their first child; she was fired when she asked for maternity leave for her second child in 1949. The union gave her no help in fighting this firing, and so she became a housewife and mother, living in the suburbs. She also wrote freelance magazine articles, many for magazines directed at the middle-class housewife. Survey of Smith Graduates In 1957, for the 15th reunion of her graduating class at Smith, Friedan was asked to survey her classmates on how theyd used their education. She found that 89% were not using their education. Most were unhappy in their roles. Friedan analyzed the results and consulted experts. She found that both women and men were trapped in limiting roles. Friedan wrote up her results and tried to sell the article to magazines but could find no buyers. So she turned her work into a book, which was published in 1963 as The Feminine Mystique. It became a best-seller, eventually translated into 13 languages. Celebrity and Involvement Friedan also became a celebrity as a result of the book. She moved with her family back to the city and she became involved in the growing womens movement. In June 1966, she attended a Washington meeting of state commissions on the status of women. Friedan was among those present who decided that the meeting was unsatisfying, as it didnt generate any actions to implement the findings on the inequality of women. So in 1966, Friedan joined other women in founding the National Organization for Women (NOW). Friedan served as its first president for three years. In 1967, the first NOW convention took on the Equal Rights Amendment and abortion, though NOW viewed the abortion issue as highly controversial and focused more on political and employment equality. In 1969, Friedan helped found the National Conference for the Repeal of Abortion Laws to focus more on the abortion issue; this organization changed its name after the Roe v. Wade decision to become the National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL). In that same year, she stepped down as NOW president. In 1970, Friedan led in organizing the Womens Strike for Equality on the 50th anniversary of winning the vote for women. The turnout was beyond expectations; 50,000 women participated in New York alone. In 1971, Friedan helped form the National Womens Political Caucus for feminists who wanted to work through the traditional political structure, including political parties, and running or supporting women candidates. She was less active in NOW, which became more concerned with revolutionary action and sexual politics; Friedan was among those who wanted more focus on political and economic equality. Lavender Menace Friedan also took a controversial stand on lesbians in the movement. NOW activists and others in the womens movement struggled over how much to take on issues of lesbian rights and how welcoming to be of movement participation and leadership by lesbians. For Friedan, lesbianism was not a womens rights or equality issue but a matter of private life, and she warned the issue might diminish support for womens rights, using the term lavender menace. Later Years and Death In 1976, Friedan published It Changed My Life, with her thoughts on the womens movement. She urged the movement to avoid acting in ways that made it difficult for mainstream men and women to identify with feminism. By the 1980s, she was more critical of the focus on sexual politics among feminists. She published The Second Stage in 1981. In her 1963 book, Friedan wrote of the feminine mystique and the housewifes question, Is this all? Now Friedan wrote of the feminist mystique and the difficulties of trying to be Superwoman, doing it all. She was criticized by many feminists as abandoning the feminist critique of traditional womens roles, while Friedan credited the rise of Reagan and rightwing conservatism and various Neanderthal forces to the failure of feminism to value family life and children. In 1983, Friedan began to focus on researching fulfillment in the older years, and in 1993 published her findings as The Fountain of Age. In 1997, she published Beyond Gender: The New Politics of Work and Family Friedans writings, from The Feminine Mystique through Beyond Gender, were also criticized for representing the viewpoint of white, middle-class, educated women and for ignoring other womens voices. Among her other activities, Friedan often lectured and taught at colleges, wrote for many magazines, and was an organizer and director of the First Womens Bank and Trust. Friedan died on February 4, 2006, in Washington, D.C. Legacy Despite all of her later work and activism, it was the The Feminine Mystique that truly launched the second-wave feminist movement. It has sold several million copies and been translated into multiple languages. It is a key text in Women’s Studies and U.S. history classes. For years, Friedan toured the United States speaking about The Feminine Mystique and introducing audiences to her groundbreaking work and to feminism. Women have repeatedly described how they felt when reading the book: They realized they were not alone and that they could aspire to something more than the life they were being encouraged or even forced to lead. The idea Friedan expresses is that if women escaped the confines of â€Å"traditional† notions of femininity, they could then truly enjoy being women. Sources Friedan, Betty.  The Feminine Mystique. W.W. Norton Company, 2013.â€Å"Betty Friedan.†Ã‚  National Womens History MuseumFindagrave.com. Find a Grave.

Thursday, February 20, 2020

Wall street journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Wall street journal - Essay Example It has also been equipped with Apple’s Touch ID fingerprint reader. The Touch ID allows users to purchase items within apps by using Apple Pay payment services in addition to also acting as a security feature (Wakabayashi, 2014). In July 2013, Apple announced that it would work with International Business Machines Corp so as to develop iPad and iPhone apps that would cater to the workplace. By positioning the iPad as a possible PC replacement for the newly emergent generation of workers, Apple is noted to be aiming at attempting to answer the existential question noted to be facing tablet computers as technology continues to evolve. As smartphones continue to grow bigger with more powerful processors and larger screens, this trend is noted to be visible in Apple’s own products as is demonstrated in the case of the newly released iPhone 6 plus which comes with a 5.5-inch display that is nearly encroaching on iPad Mini’s 7.9-inch screen. Having been the first tablet computer in 2010, Wakabayashi (2014) points out that the iPad was largely a runaway success but demand for the product has started to gradually slow. A key reason as to why the sale of tablets is gradually decreasing is that people that own iPads are not replacing their tablet computers nearly as often as they tend to swap their phones. It is estimated that about 46% of the iPads that are currently in use are the original iPad and iPad 2 that were initially introduced in 2010 and 2011 respectively. The new iPad Air 2 is largely expected to help drive what will be â€Å"an upgrade cycle† among the currently existing owners of iPads. Other than the iPad Air 2, Apple also plans on unveiling a new iPad Mini 3, that will come with Touch ID as well as a new iMac personal computer. To compete with lower priced rivals that run Google Inc’s Android operating system, Apple cut the price of last year’s iPad model down to $299 while that for its previous iPad minis was reduced to $249. Apple is also

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Self reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Self reflection paper - Essay Example Similar to this is the devil effect, whereby a person evaluates another as low on many traits because of a belief that the individual is low on one trait which is assumed to be critical. This paper will give a self reflection of my life as a home nurse well as how my life has been changed as a result of different view of ethics. One of the major experiences to an understanding of my life in the nursing profession is the impact of nature and nurture in our future judgment and interpretation of issues. Having worked for some time as a nurse, I have also freely interacted with old people, children and the sick. In this way, I have come to admire how the living condition during the early years of a child can determine his or her social life. For example, a child who is born in a loving, caring and protective family will always be respectful to others, hardworking and above all co-exist well with the environment. Whereas a child who is born in a violent family will become intolerative and harsh to divergent views, he or she will always want his word to be taken serious thus becoming a demigod (Fagothey, 2000). These children will never respect other people’s opinion thus they believe that violence is the solution. In my own personal life I have learnt that I have a good listening ability. This is attribut ed to the fact that I provide an ample opportunity to my patients so that they can inform me regarding their physical and mental situation. In this way, I have general information that I need to undertake my duties. One of the major ways that my experience will affect my work in the helping profession is that I will have the ability to intermingle with various people regardless of their cultural or economic background. Additionally, I will have ability to freely intermingle with other people thus by working as a team work I will be able to acquire skills possessed by other members of the team. One of the major aspects I learnt from my own life

Monday, January 27, 2020

Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction Critique

Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction Critique This Research will critically discuss the problems associated with the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction with regard to Internal Crimes by National courts The bases upon which Jurisdiction can be assumed under International Law are: 1. Territorial Principle 2. Protective or Security Principle 3. Nationality Principle 4. Passive Personality Principle 5. Universality Principle. UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION Unlike the territorial principle where jurisdiction is assumed based on the place where the crime is committed, the protective principle which permits jurisdiction to be assumed when the interest of the state is threatened, Nationality principle which looks to the nationality of the offender and the passive personality principle which looks to the nationality of the victim of the crime, Universal jurisdiction looks solely to the crime and jurisdiction is assumed on this basis. King-Irani stated that Universal jurisdiction is based on customary law as well as an international consensus, that some crimes are so heinous that they threaten the entire human race.[1] Perpetrators of such crimes are considered to be enemies of all mankind and in that lies the right and authority of all states to prosecute perpetrators of such crimes. This really is the foundation of the Universal Jurisdiction principle. The International Council on Human Rights Policy in its booklet on Universal Jurisdiction explained Universal Jurisdiction to mean a system of international justice that gives the courts of any country jurisdiction over crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes, regardless of where or when the crime was committed, and the nationality of the victims or perpetrators. It allows the prosecution of certain crimes before the courts of any country even if the accused, the victim, or the crime, has no link to that country.[2] Universal Jurisdiction is usually invoked over International Crimes. Problems associated with the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction frustrate prosecution of international crimes on the basis of Universal jurisdiction; they threaten the continued prosecution of international crimes by states and can undermine the effective administration of justice at the international level. Some of these problems are: UNCERTAINTY AS TO THE SCOPE OF UNIVERSAL JURISIDCTION Uncertainty of the scope of Universal Jurisdiction takes different forms; uncertainty as to its true meaning, mode of its application and the crimes over which it applies are issues that have made the scope of Universal Jurisdiction uncertain. Luc Reydams in a paper written for the European Parliaments Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI) stated that Most..agree that Universal Jurisdiction exists but everyone has a different understanding of what it means[3] Reydams further states that the problem with Universal Jurisdiction starts with its definition; its definition is too broad, and it leaves so much undefined thus failing to satisfy the legal requirement of certainty. There is no consensus on the offences in respect of which Universal Jurisdiction can be exercised and there also exists differing views on the true meaning of Universal Jurisdiction. Universal jurisdiction arose in the context of piracy, and it remains the most longstanding and uncontroversial Universal Jurisdiction crime.[4] David Stewart in identifying one of the challenges of Universal Jurisdiction stated that Difficulty lies in knowing exactly which crimes qualify for unilateral prosecution by any and all states. Even if one accepts that, as a matter of international law, jurisdiction must be limited to crimes of universal concern, there is no means for determining exactly which offenses fall into that category.[5] The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction states the fundamentals of Universal Jurisdiction as its first principle; under this it states that Universal Jurisdiction should be asserted with reference to the crime only; such crimes should be serious crimes.ÂÂ   In its second principle, it states that the serious crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction should be asserted are piracy, slavery, war crimes, crimes against peace, crimes against humanity genocide and torture. The Princeton principles further states that the exercise of jurisdiction in respect to the above listed crimes is without prejudice to other International Crimes under International Law. This raises a fundamental question; what are the parameters for determining the crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction may be asserted? It is generally agreed that while Universal Jurisdiction may be asserted over International crimes, it is not every International crime that can be subject to Universal Jurisdiction? Dr. Oner states that some International crimes are subject to Universal Jurisdiction as a matter of Customary International Law and some others as a result of treaty.[6] He opines that those are the two ways of ascertaining what crimes are subject to Universal Jurisdiction.[7] He traces the history of how different crimes came to be recognised as International crimes over which Universal jurisdiction could be asserted, his work would be relied on in tracing the history of those crimes. Piracy is the oldest recognised crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction can be assumed, the basis of asserting Universal Jurisdiction over this crime lies in the fact that it is committed in a place which cannot be categorised as the territory of any state; the High Seas. It was an offence that affected every state; hence all states had the authority to combat it. This is the only crime over which it is generally accepted that Universal Jurisdiction can be asserted over. Jurisdiction over this crime arose under customary law and it was later recognised by treaties. Jurisdiction was later extended to Hijacking by virtue of Article 4 of 1970 Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft and the 1982 Convention of the Law of the Sea. After the Second World War and the application of Universal Jurisdiction to the prosecution of War crimes, Genocide and Crimes against Humanity, they gained acceptance as International Crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction could be asserted both under Customary International Law and treaties which created an obligation on states to either prosecute or extradite.[8] With time more Conventions on certain other offences also placed an obligation on states to either prosecute or extradite persons who have committed certain crimes; Universal Jurisdiction was therefore extended to certain other offences such as Torture.[9] Another arm of this problem is national legislation of states on Universal Jurisdiction. The scope of such legislation determines the extent of Jurisdiction that can be assumed over International Crimes, and crimes over which Universal jurisdiction may be asserted. Some states have expanded the scope of crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction may be assumed under their laws, some others have tried to maintain the scope asÂÂ   has been ascertained by them Under International Law, while some others have conferred jurisdiction on their national courts in a very limited manner. States have delimited the scope of Universal Jurisdiction in their respective jurisdictions by their respective laws. Mark Ellis stated that As much of the international community promotes universal jurisdiction, state practice is limiting the scope and use of it. AND this is being done without much notice. [10] Ellis further opined that The propensity of states retaining a more expansive view of jurisdictional reach is ending. The discernible trend is moving towards a more restrictive interpretation and application of universal jurisdiction.[11] The absence of uniformity in the legislation of states conferring jurisdiction on their respective courts to assert Universal Jurisdiction poses a problem to the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction because the exercise of jurisdiction by one state may be opposed by another, especially when its nationals are involved. One factor which is closely related to the uncertain scope of Universal Jurisdiction is uncertainty as to the factors which must exist before a state can assume jurisdiction. One of such factors is whether the Accused or the person over whom jurisdiction is sought to be asserted is within the territory of the prosecuting state; this is referred to as Jurisdiction in Absentia. Zemach in defining Jurisdiction in Absentia adopted the definition of Colangelo thus: Universal jurisdiction in absentia can be roughly defined as the conducting of an investigation, the issuing of an arrest warrant, and/or the bringing of criminal charges based on the principle of universal jurisdiction when the defendant is not present in the territory of the acting state. This definition does not include adjudication of the case.[12] Many states are reluctant to assert Jurisdiction unless the accused is within their territory. This is consistent with the extradite or prosecute obligation imposed on states by quite a number of Conventions which permit the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction; the obligation to prosecute or extradite only arises when the offender is within the territory of the state. It could therefore be argued that the implication of this is that the Conventions which place an obligation on states to prosecute or extradite do not envisage the exercise of Jurisdiction in absentia. This problem is further compounded by the absence of consensus on whether Jurisdiction in absentia is permitted under International Law.ÂÂ   Judges Higgins, Kooijmans, and Buergenthal observed, in their Joint Separate Opinion as follows: is it a precondition of the assertion of universal jurisdiction that the accused be within the territory?ÂÂ   Considerable confusion surrounds this topic, not helped by the fact that legislators, courts and writers alike frequently fail to specify the precise temporal moment at which any such requirement is said to be in play. Is the presence of the accused within the jurisdiction said to be required at the time the offence was committed? At the time the arrest warrant is issued? Or at the time of the trial itself? .. This incoherent practice cannot be said to evidence a precondition to any exercise of universal criminal jurisdiction. [13] Rabinovitch, echoes the position of proponents of Universal Jurisdiction in Absentia when he stated that State practice in recent years has increasingly supported the view that States may exercise universal jurisdiction in absentia if they so desire,[14] provided there are safeguards to prevent an abuse of the accused rights. Judge Ranjeva in his Declaration held a contrary view; he stated that developments in International Law did not result in the recognition of Jurisdiction in absentia.[15] All of these uncertainties surrounding the principle and practice of Universal Jurisdiction pose a problem to the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction. THE CONFLICT BETWEEN UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION AND THE SOVEREIGNTY OF STATES One major problem which affects the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction is the perceived and actual breach of the sovereignty of a state. I use the word perceived to mean this; most times the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction by a state may be looked upon by the state whose national or official is tried as an affront or threat to its sovereignty. This might not necessarily be the case. While in a case of actual breach of a nations sovereignty, it is the case that exercise of jurisdiction may actually amount to a breach of a nations sovereignty. The Democratic Republic of the Congo V. Belgium[16] popularly known as the Arrest Warrant case illustrates this. In this case, Belgium issued an International Arrest warrant on 11 April 2000, for the arrest of Congos Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Abdulaye Yerodia Ndombasi. The Democratic Republic of Congo was highly displeased with the issue of the warrant for the arrest of its minister, and accordingly instituted an action at the International Court of Justice praying the court that Belgium recalls and cancels the Arrest warrant. Belgium had issued the warrant on the grounds that Mr. Yerodia had breached the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and protocols I and II; such breach Belgium claimed was punishable under its laws. Congo prayed the International Criminal Court to order Belgium to cancel the warrant on the ground (amongst other grounds) that [t]he universal jurisdiction that the Belgian State attributes to itself under Article 7 of the Law in question constituted a [v]iolation o f the principle that a State may not exercise its authority on the territory of another State and of the principle of sovereign equality among all Members of the United Nations[17]. In essence, Congos contention was that Belgiums exercise of Its Universal Jurisdiction amounted to a violation of its sovereignty. The Court found that the issue of the Warrant of Arrest for Congos Minister for Foreign Affairs amounted to a breach of Congos Sovereignty. Kontorovich has stated that the New Universal Jurisdiction[18] is perhaps the most controversial development in contemporary international law, precisely because it encroaches on or qualifies nations jurisdictional sovereignty[19] whileÂÂ   Kings-Irani opines that Universal jurisdiction casesusually raise troubling questions about state sovereignty. Hawkins opines that when states established universal jurisdiction, they created a decentralized mechanism for the erosion of sovereignty[20] It is not likely that the constant clash between the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction and the violation or the alleged violation of the sovereignty of a state would come to an end in the nearest future. This is attributable to the political element in the definition of the crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction can be assumed; that is the fact that most crimes against humanity and war crimes are most times not committed independent of the state and its agencies, rather they are sometimes committed by state officials with the aid of state agencies. The principle of Universal Jurisdiction has no inherent principles which can tackle the clash between assumption of jurisdiction on this basis and the sovereignty of a state. CLASH BETWEEN THE EXERCISE OF JURISDICTION AND IMMUNITY It is a principle of Customary International Law that State officials are immune from the jurisdiction of foreign courts in certain instances.[21] The immunity enjoyed could be as a result of the position occupied; this is Immunity ratione personae or it could be enjoyed as a result of the official acts carried out in furtherance of the office occupied; this is immunity ratione materiae.[22] The challenge that the issue of sovereign immunity poses is a multi-faceted one. This challenge raises quite a number of questions. What exactly is the law on the immunity of sovereigns of states, both current and past and what is the extent of the immunity in relation to the acts of the sovereign? What acts of the sovereign are covered by immunity? This difficulty arises primarily because the position of International law on the immunity of Sovereigns of States or Heads of States remains unclear.[23] Indeed the authors of the article The Future of Former Head of State Immunity after ex parte Pinochet[24] borrowed the words of other authors to describe the position of International Law on the immunity of Heads of States as lacking coherence[25], problematic and ambiguous[26] and in Re Doe[27] the United States Court of Appeal described it as been in an amorphous and Undeveloped state. This issue came up for consideration In the Arrest Warrant Case[28]; Congos contention was that ÂÂ  the non-recognition, on the basis of Article 5 of the Belgian Law, of the immunity of a Minister for Foreign Affairs in office constituted a [v]iolation of the diplomatic immunity of the Minister for Foreign Affairs of a sovereign State, as recognized by the jurisprudence of the Court and following from Article 41, paragraph 2, of the Vienna Convention of 18 April 1961 on Diplomatic Relations[29] The court came to the decision that a Minister of Foreign Affairs enjoyed Immunity which was inviolable for as long he remained in office. I will reproduce a portion of the Courts decision as this sheds some light on the position of International Law on the Immunity of Sovereigns; The Court has carefully examined State practice, including national legislation and those few decisions of national higher courts such as the House of Lords or the French Court of Cassation. It has been unable to deduce from this practice that there exists under Customary International law any form of exception to the rule according immunity from criminal Jurisdiction and inviolability to incumbent Ministers for Foreign Affairs, where they are suspected of havingÂÂ   committed war crimes or crimes against humanity. Jurisdictional immunity may well bar prosecution for a certain period or for certain offences; it cannot exonerate the person to whom it applies from all criminal responsibility[30] What this translates to is the fact that there may be times when a National Court could have jurisdiction to try a person subject to immunity, however, it might be impossible to exercise jurisdiction because of the immunity that such a person enjoys; the risk in this is that it could lead to impunity, even though this is a situation the Law seems to want to avoid or it could just lead to a situation of delayed justice. In senator Pinochets case,[31] the House of Lords held that Pinochet, a former Head of State of Chile was not entitled to immunity for torture, as torture was not an official act carried out in furtherance of his official duties. The position of International Law on the Immunity of High level officials of states remains uncertain, and there is no uniformity in state practice in recent years which can help in ascertaining the position of International law in this regard. In November 2007, France dismissed a complaint filed against Former secretary of Defence of the United States and the reason for the dismissal wasÂÂ   given by the prosecutor, Jean Claude Marin, he stated in an open letter that according to rules of customary international law established by the International Court of Justice, immunity from criminal jurisdiction for Heads of State and Government and Ministers of Foreign Affairs continues to apply after termination of their functions, for acts carried out during their time of office and hence, as former Secretary of Defense, Mr. Rumsfeld, by extension should benefit from this same immunity for acts carried out in the exercise of his functions.[32] There was an outcry against the position of France, particularly because the Prosecutor, Jean Claude Marin had some years earlier personally signed an order calling for General Pinochet to appear before the Paris Court of Appeal. Human Rights organisations felt he should have known better. The Human Rights Organisation also felt greatly disappointed that the dismissal of the complaint was largely due to the position taken by the French Foreign Ministry which is headed by Bernard Kouchner, a fellow who had distinguished himself in the fields of Human Rights. This goes to illustrate the inconsistency in state practices when it comes to the issue of exercising Universal Jurisdiction and the Immunity of State officials. Perhaps one logical explanation for this inconsistency might not be unrelated to the need to preserve good relations between states. THE ALLEGATION OF BIAS Selective approach in the prosecution of International Crimes on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction has posed a great challenge to the Universal Jurisdiction regime. The outcry against the selective approach of some states in the prosecution of crimes using Universal Jurisdiction has been loudest in Africa, where African leaders allege that they have been the primary target of Western Countries. This allegation of bias is not without any merit, neither is it entirely true. Ian Brownlie has been quoted by Zemach as stating that [p]olitical considerations, power, and patronage will continue to determine who is to be tried for international crimes and who not.[33] Dr. Oner captured an aspect of this problem aptly when he stated that: Universal jurisdiction gives powerful nations a means of politically influencing less powerful ones. Indeed, thus far, weak countries with little to no political leverage have not exercised universal jurisdiction over powerful people from powerful countries through their courts.[34] It is important that states have faith in the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction by any state that chooses to prosecute using Universal Jurisdiction. There should be transparency and good faith when arriving at the decision to prosecute; and this should as clearly as possible be seen by all to be fair. POLITICAL PRESSURE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IMPLICATIONS Nations usually want to maintain good relations with their allies; however, the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction could pose a threat to this. In order to maintain good relations with other states, a state may give in to political pressure which would in turn affect its exercise of Universal Jurisdiction. The case of Belgium and Spain illustrate this. Belgiums Universal Jurisdiction laws were so broad that anybody could be tried by Belgium courts without having any link at all to Belgium The American society of International Law Commenting on the Belgian law stated that: The Belgian law was widely recognized as the most far-reaching example of a state exercising universal jurisdiction. During the first decade of the laws existence, some thirty legal complaints were filed against a variety of government officials worldwide, including against Rwandans for genocide, General Augusto Pinochet of Chile, Cuban President Fidel Castro, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, and Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon[35] The United States uncomfortable with the possibility that its officials could be victims of Belgiums law threatened and coerced Belgium until Belgium finally amended its laws in August 2003, thus finally removing the Absoluteness from the Universal Jurisdiction law of Belgium. ÂÂ  U.S. Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfeld stated authoritatively at the time: Belgium needs to realize that there are consequences to its actions. This law calls into serious question whether NATO can continue to hold meetings in Belgium and whether senior U.S. officials, military and civilian, will be able to continue to visit international organizations in Belgium Certainly until this matter is resolved we will have to oppose any further spending for construction for a new NATO headquarters here in Brussels until we know with certainty that Belgium intends to be a hospitable place for NATO to conduct its business.[36] The new Belgian Law now requires a link with Belgium for the Belgian courts to be able to exercise jurisdiction. All pending cases in Belgium against U.S Officials were dismissed in September 2003 because of Belgiums new law. When Belgium ruled that Israels Prime Minister Ariel Sharon could stand trial for War crimes under its Universal Jurisdiction laws, but only after he leaves office, Israeli public television quoted an unnamed official as calling the court decision scandalous and warning that it threatened to open a serious crisis between the two countries.[37] And Israel in protest was reported to have recalled its Ambassador to Belgium for consultation The case of Spain is quite similar to the Belgium experience. After Spain gave in to pressure from Israel, the United States and China, Spain amended its Universal Jurisdiction law; the new law now requires a link to Spain before Spanish Courts can assume jurisdiction.[38] Clearly political considerations and interactions between states pose a problem to the exercise of Universal jurisdiction. DIFFCULTY OF OBTAINING EVIDENCE AND WITNESSES Stewart is also of the opinion that In some measure, the lack of actual prosecutions based on universality must result from practical difficulties in obtaining evidence and witnesses regarding crimes committed in other countries.[39] Most International Crimes are usually prosecuted many years after the offences have been committed. The chances of gathering quality evidence with the passage of time reduces, when that is added to the long distance and legal difficulties that it might entail, it becomes even more difficult to obtain evidence. Language barrier could also further compound this problem. Where it is difficult or impossible to obtain evidence it might be difficult to proceed with prosecution on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction. COMPETING JURSIDCITION It is always the case most times, if not always that where jurisdiction is asserted on the basis of Universality, jurisdiction could also be asserted on other bases. Where more than one state decides to assert jurisdiction, whether on the basis of Universality or other principles, it might pose a problem, especially when extradition is requested by the competing states. To reduce the conflict that this situation may create, it is usually best that in the prosecution of International crimes, exercise of jurisdiction on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction should be the last resort, states with stronger connections to the crime should first be given opportunity to prosecute the crime, where they fail to or where they are unable to do so, then a state with no connection or a weaker connection can then prosecute on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction. COST One of the problems associated with the exercise of Universal jurisdiction is cost. A state expends its resources in prosecuting crimes, when the prosecution of crimes serves the states interests, there would be no problem with it but where it serves no practical purpose that is when the difficulty arises. The argument and view held in some quarters, that a nation that prosecutes a crime that does not threaten it in any way and which it has no interest in prosecuting stands to gain nothing from it, rather, it expends its resources and the benefits of prosecuting the crime is enjoyed by other states is one problem that militates against the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction. Kontorovich stated that ÂÂ  A nation exercising Universal Jurisdiction expends scarce resources to punish crimes that have not injured it; thus it bears all the costs of enforcement while the benefits are enjoyed primarily by other nations. Rational choice models of state behaviour suggest that nations will generally not undertake such activities.[40] David Stewart also opined that Depending on the facts, prosecutors and ministries of justice may have little enthusiasm for devoting time, money, and resources to prosecutions having little enough to do with their own countries, citizens, and direct national interests.[41] Kontorovichs position is actually a true reflection of what is currently going on at the international scene, nations decline to prosecute or even investigate where their interests are not affected, and this runs contrary to the principle of Universal Jurisdiction. One of the underlying principles governing Universal Jurisdiction is that crimes such as torture, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes are so serious that they harm not just a particular state but the international community and should therefore be prosecuted by all states.[42] Kontorovich opines more articulately that many of the crimes subject to the universality principle are so heinous in scope and degree that they offend the interest of all humanity, and any state may, as humanitys agent, punish the offender. . . [43] DOMESTIC LEGISLATION AND STATE POLICIES It is not sufficient that International Law establishes an obligation to prosecute on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction. There must exist national legislation which authorises the courts of a state to assert jurisdiction, where this is absent, a court might not be able to assert Universal Jurisdiction. Senegal had to enact a law vesting jurisdiction in its courts before it could prosecute Hissene Habre, former Chad president. State practice is limiting the scope and use of Universal Jurisdiction. [44] Universal Jurisdiction can only be used to the extent that a states mun

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Education Amendment Essay -- Education

Over the years, the federal government has steadily been increasing its control of public education in the United States. The most notable developments of the last decade include the No Child Left Behind Act off 2001 and the ED Recovery Act, part of President Obama’s comprehensive recovery plan. As of September 30, 2010, $97.4 billion dollars was allocated under the ED Recovery Act (Department of Education). With the significant increase in federal interference, the American public should expect positive results. Instead, schools are faced with the same problems they had before the increase in federal interest and, in addition, even more problems arise. Federal involvement in education wastes billions of dollars every year while creating an education system that exists to promote politics, not education. It is time for the federal government to permanently cease its involvement in education. The federal government has been pouring money into the education system for decades. With the additional support the states have been receiving, student achievement and opportunities should be increasing. Instead, school districts are cutting all but the basic programs and achievement remains stagnant. Federal spending per student has tripled since 1970, even when adjusted for inflation (Coulson), but test scores haven’t changed (McCluskey). The only change that was more than 1% was in science, and those scores indicated a drop in scores, not the expected increase (Coulson). Federal money is going down the drain, and the states seem content to keep it that way because it lifts the burden of improving their own schools. This waste of money should not continue. The fundamental premise behind federal control of education is that every child... ...tion. Now it is weak, but it can again be the best in the world. The federal government must cease to involve itself in the field of education. Only then will American students begin to receive the education they deserve. Works Cited Coulson, Andrew J. â€Å"Has Federal Involvement Improved America’s Schools?†. Cato Institute, 2009. Web. 30 November 2010. Department of Education. â€Å"Recovery Act Highlights†. U.S. Department of Education, no date. Web. 30 November 2010. McCluskey, Neal. â€Å"No Federal Failure Left Behind†. Cato Institute, 2004. Web. 30 November 2010. McCluskey, Neal. â€Å"Why We Fight: How Public Schools Cause Social Conflict†. Policy Analysis No. 587. Cato Institute, 2007. Web. 30 November 2010. Romanowski, Michael H. â€Å"What You Don’t Know Can’t Hurt You: Textbook Omissions and 9/11†. The Clearing House; 82:6 (August 2009). Web. 30 November 2010.