Decision Making in a Nursing Ethical Dilemma

Decision Making in a Nursing Ethical Dilemma Introduction Decision making in an ethical dilemma circumstances could be difficult at time as one is prone to use similar past experience as a yardstick to analyse the circumstances. McGhee and Perrin (2008), define ethical dilemma as a situation that gives rise to conflicting moral claims resulting in disagreements about choices of action. Therefore using a framework as a tool to guide one through the ethical dilemma would aid in arriving a client-centred decision. This paper aims to look into Ranjit’s decision to die in his own home instead in a hospital as requested by his children using the model for ethical decision making by Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee (2005). Clearly state the problem Ranjit, a 77 year old man diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease lost his motor functions. He prefers to be cared and die at home however his children are concerned about not being able to meet his needs as they do not possess with necessary skills to handle his disease if he deteriorate. Ethical Problem Ranjit may have Parkinson’s disease however it does not limit his freedom to make his own decision. Therefore the ethical issue is raised in contradiction of his autonomy. Social Problem No one is able to care for Ranjit when his condition required more attention, therefore a caregiver is required if Ranjit wish is passed through. Legal Problem Ranjit is of a legal age in the eye of the law; he is capable to make sound decision for himself. His diagnosis may lead others to make baseless assumption about his capability to make a decision. Get the facts Parkinson’s disease is defined as chronic neurodegenerative disorder, which is related to loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Symptoms such as tremor, brandykinesia and rigidity present in early stage and later stage non-motor features including autonomic dysfunction, falls, and sleep disturbances as loss in non-dopaminergic areas (Ministry of Health, 2007). According to Hoehn and Yahr (1967), Parkinson is classified into five stages, from stage one tremor over one limb to stage five confinements to bed. The prevalence rate in Singapore was found to be 0.3% for the population aged 50 and above (MOH, 2007). People with Parkinson do not only experience distress with their own movement, but the increasing motor deficit also diminishes their ability to express, communicate and interact with others (Doyle Lyons, Tickle-Degnen, Henry, Cohn, 2004). Disability is seen more prominent as the disease progresses, caregiver may experience strain, burnout or financial bur dened (Tan 2013). Therefore communication is critical for patient and caregiver to discuss openly about the disease, understanding their frustrations will help them to live with the disease (Chiong-Rivero et al., 2011). Although with pharmacotherapy can improve the quality of life ancillary approach in managing disease cannot be overlooked. Utilisation of rehabilitation services for Parkinson patients will go a long way to keep them active within the community to prevent isolation and depression. Occupational therapy can be involved in teaching client and care givers in coping with activities of daily living. Physiotherapist can be involved in gait training and strengthening muscles to prevent falls. Caregivers can consider sending Ranjit to various alternative services such as Agency Integrated Care (AIC), day care centre or respite care. Consider the four principles Autonomy Autonomy is defined as the freedom and ability to exercise one’s choice and the ability to decide for oneself. The principle in autonomy is to respect a person’s decision, privacy and confidentiality and receive full disclosure (Staunton and Chiarella, 2008, p. 31; Butt and Rich, 2008, p. 42). His children are against Ranjit decision to be cared and die at home, despite his disease his right to choose should not be stripped off. As healthcare provider it is important to respect and promote client’s autonomy (Singapore Nursing Board (SNB) Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, 1999, p.4). Beneficence Beneficence is described as taking action to help other; the desire to do good (Butt and Rich, 2008). The nurse would advocate client’s interest accordance to SNB Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (1999, p.8) value statement 7, to promote client’s best interest by ensuring desires are acknowledge and considered by the healthcare team. The team shall consider Ranjit’s decision to be cared at home as it is deemed good for him. Non- Maleficence Non- maleficence is defined as â€Å"above all, do no harm’ (Staunton and Chiarella, 2008). (ANMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2008) conduct statement 4 stated nurses to ensure the safety and quality of care are not compromised. If Ranjit’s decision was granted, a caregiver should be nominated to prevent harm at home such as fall. Justice Justice is based on the concept of fairness (Hendrick, 2000, p. 121). This suggests that one shall be treated fairly and be given equal chance to make decision. Statement 2.3 under Australian Nursing Midwifery Council (ANMC) National Competency Standards for Registered nurses (2006), to demonstrate respect for client’s legal right in relation to health care. Identify Ethical Conflicts Beneficence versus Autonomy The first conflict to be addressed her is whether Ranjit should be cared at home or die in hospital. No doubt hospital is well equipped with equipment and healthcare team to provide a care plan for him till he die but however Ranjit has the right to refuse admission, treatment or care from the hospital. Therefore his primary treating doctor should provide a full disclosure on the disease process, risk and potential problems to allow him to make an autonomous choice. Beneficence versus Non Maleficence The second conflict here is his children perceived hospital is the best place for him as they do not have the necessary skills to look after him. However what seem to be best may not be as it place Ranjit at risk for acquiring infection or develop depression to his wish rebuked. Non Maleficence ethical principle here is involved if Ranjit’s decision is approved by his children. Due to the lack of care at home, he may be faced with potential issues such as falls, pressure sores and chest infection. Consider the law Consent Mr Ranjit has the mental capacity to take consent as evidenced by his active commitments with various activities. His consent may be deemed valid if he is able to understand and retain information and communicate his decision as stated in Mental Capacity Act (2008). Right to refuse treatment As the children wanted him to be institutionalised, Ranjit can refuse admission to a hospital or a nursing home. Advance directives An advance medical directive (AMD) an Act to provide for, and give legal effect to, advance directives to medical practitioners against artificial prolongation of the dying process and for matters connected therewith (Advance Medical Directive Act, 1996). Mr Ranjit may consider AMD to safeguard his wishes, case he became unconscious or terminally ill. Making the ethical decision Ranjit’s decision to be cared at home should be granted as he is competent to make his own decision and what is deem best for his interest. Family conference involving patient’s treating doctor, patient and his family may be helpful in this circumstance to hear from individual’s perspective to reach a conclusion that may benefit all. However the ultimate decision is still on Ranjit thus his children should respect his decision and look for alternative revenue to provide care for their father. Document the decision In accordance to statement 6.3 of ANMC National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse (2006), Documentation must be written clearly and concise to provide accurate assessments. Therefore it is important for nurses and doctors to document all discussion shared as evidence to prevent unnecessary miscommunication. Evaluate the decision Ranjit’s care plan will need to be evaluated when there is a change in his condition or needs (ANMC National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse statement 8.2, 2006). As Ranjit is able to make an autonomous decision to be cared at home, his children can employ a caregiver to be home to look after the father, the care plan will need to be evaluated every three months to better support and meet his needs.

How Does Technological Advancement Eliminate Genetic Disease

How Does Technological Advancement Eliminate Genetic Disease Amy Chong How Do Technological Advancement, Combined With Our Extensive Knowledge From The Human Genome Project, Help Us To Eliminate Genetic Diseases? Abstract The aim of this project is to answer the question how do technological advancements, combined with our extensive knowledge from the Human Genome Project, help us to eliminate genetic diseases? I want to find out more about genetic diseases, such as Myotonic Dystrophy and Cystic Fibrosis, and the stage that scientists are at in curing patients. Ill explore the ethical issues of possible gene editing in the future. Ive carried out a lot of research on the background of genetic diseases and one could speculate that gene editing could eliminate diseases within the next decade or two, if technologies continue to expand at the current rate. This report has enabled me to recognise the work of scientists and furthermore, encouraged me to pursue a career in STEM[DS1]. Introduction History of the Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project was a ground breaking discovery in the understanding of how we evolved as human beings (Carey, 2015). Their aim was to map and understand all the genes for building human beings by going through 3.2 billion bases. A genome can be defined as an organisms complete set of DNA, including all of its genes (Genetics Home Reference, 2016). This research has clearly revolutionised genetics as the cost of gene editing and testing has decreased by 99 percent (Kurzgesagt, 2015[DS2]). Methodology My research is based on secondary qualitative research from published journals, scientific reports and books. It didnt cost any money to conduct. Ive approached my question through Jennifer Doudnas lens on future technology such as CRISPR to eliminate disease. Theyre all diseases that have known genetic causes, and we now have the technology that can repair those mutations. (Jennifer Doudna, 2016). Ill apply CRISPR in contrast to current technologies used. DNA Coding What is the genetic code? DNA is made up of many nucleotides containing three molecules: a deoxyribose pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous organic base. These bases are Cytosine (C), Adenine (A), Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) (Toole, 2015). How does genetic codes link to genetic diseases? Three bases code for an amino acid. The code is non-overlapping which reveals theres only twenty different amino acids present in proteins. Changes to the base sequence or quantity results in a mutation. There are four types of mutations that can occur during DNA semi-conservative replication: nonsense, missense, silent and frame shift. Any of these changes to the DNA sequence leads to gene mutation'(Toole, 2015). This is shown in figure one. Figure one Effects of single base mutation In DNA Code[DS3]. Myotonic Dystrophy From the Genome Project, its evident that the isolation of a number of genes is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy. Myotonic Dystrophy is a dominant disorder. Patients suffer from prolonged contractions, therefore are unable to relax their muscles (Genetics Home Reference,2016). The symptoms start to appear during adulthood. According to the Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy in Britain research, (1975) there are two types of Myotonic Dystrophy. Type one involves weak muscles affecting the lower legs, hands, neck, and face. Whereas type two is associated with the muscles of the neck, shoulders, elbows, and hips. The two differ due to mutations in different genes (Harper, 1975). Figure two (in appendices) reveals the muscle strength of those who suffer from this disease in contrast to a person, with average height and build, with the muscle strength of 38kg (Grassino etal.,1997:135). How does Myotonic Dystrophy differ from other genetic diseases? This genetic disease has different characteristics to a typical dominant disorder. Normally, the symptoms of genetic diseases dont get worse when they are passed on from parent to child. This is the case with Myotonic Dystrophy. The disease is unique due to the gene containing small sequences of DNA thats repeated multiple of times. Type 1 is caused by a mutation in the DMPK gene, which appears to regulate the production and function of structures inside muscle cells. The mutated DMPK gene contains three DNA nucleotides CTG repeated in the ranges from 5 to 34. On the other hand, type two is caused by CNBP gene. This consist of four DNA nucleotides CCTG repeated fewer than 26 times (Carey, 2015). What technologies have been made to eliminate Myotonic Dystrophy? Currently, theres no cure or specific treatment for Myotonic Dystrophy but there is a promising step forward toward muscular Dystrophy treatment (the University of Rochester Medical Centre, 2012). Their research involves reversing the symptoms by creating synthetic compounds that will eliminate a buildup of toxic RNA in muscle cells. This was tested on mice and results showed that symptoms were reduced for up to one year. According to Charles Thorntom (2012), these results give us strong encouragement about the possibility of developing a treatment. Is testing mice the best research method? How will we know if the research would eliminate the genetic disease in humans[DS4]? What are the implications of the research? As the cure is still to be found, it is not possible to test on humans due to limitless RNA targets involved in disease; the question is how to find small molecules that bind to them, (Disney,2012). Because of limitless RNA targets, it complicates the target amplification system. This is an enzyme-medicated process, therefore, millions of targeted enzymes are copied within several hours; the copies made would be used for research. As a result, the techniques are sensitive to contamination. This could lead to false-positive reactions which cause implications for future research (McClatchey, 2002). What has been done to prevent false-positive reactions? Perhaps the University of Rochester Medical Center should consider using Kaspersky Lab technology to test for false-positive reactions. The machine can automatically create files for results that are common or not. Results that are not common are ignored and wont affect research. This upgrade in technology would make their results more clear (Kaspersky Lab, 2015). But should they accept the false positive results as side effects of their research? Could these false positive results be significant in their research? Cystic Fibrosis   Ã‚   Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease causing a build up of mucus to damage the bodys organs. Mucus is a lubricant that protects the linings of the airways and digestive system. People with cystic fibrosis, produces thick mucus that clogs the airways causing problems with breathing. Over time, it can permanently damage the lungs by producing scar tissues. Scar tissues are thicker and less elastic than normal tissues so the tidal volume is reduced (Genetics Home Reference, 2016). Which codes causes Cystic Fibrosis? If youre missing two letters out of 3.2 billion of the sequence, ATT CTT GATT, you have cystic fibrosis (Sabatini,2016). Mutation in the CFTR gene disrupts the flow of chloride ions across cell membrane, which is necessary to produce freely flowing mucus (Genetics Home Reference, 2016). What technologies have been made to eliminate Cystic Fibrosis? From the Human Genome Project, we know which genome codes for lungs, and with the help of stem cells and tissue engineering, scientist believe it is possible for human lungs to be successfully grown in a lab for the first time, (Medical News Today, 2014). Due to shortage of donor organs, using stem cells (which are able to differentiate in to other cells) is a desirable approach for organ replacement. Whilst the field of tissue engineering has successfully reconstructed cartilage frameworks for ears and bones in the skull and face; they struggle to use stem cells to grow lungs thatll survive and function properly (Lui etal.,2013). This means maintaining blood and oxygen supply inside the body without clotting (The Guardian, 2015). Will growing organs give a better quality of life to those who suffer from Cystic Fribrosis? Would this be as effective as gene editing technology? Gene Editing Technology CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) CRISPR-Cas9 is a technology, using bacteria, that enables parts of the genome to be cut out and replaced, or to add parts of DNA sequence.The CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of two key molecules: enzyme Cas9 (a molecular scissors that cuts a specific location of DNA) and RNA (The New York Times, 2015). Figure three (in appendices) will show the steps of gene editing. Once the DNA is edited, the mutation causing the genetic disease would be eliminated (Your Genome, 2016). Technology success Layla recovered from leukaemia thanks to gene-editing technology. For children as young as Layla, the cure rates are only 25 per cent (Sujith Samarasinghe, 2015). As a result, her doctors proceed to gene therapy to removing immune cells from her body and genetically engineer them to attack cancerous cells (Nature, 2015). She received T-cells (exposed to a DNA-cutting enzyme called a TALEN) from a healthy donor. The process was done so that the modified T-cells injected were not recognised as foreign. T-cells are significant because receptor CAR19 helps programs the T-cells to kill any cells with protein CD19 found on cancer cells. Is the process this simple? Theres a risk of the enzyme being cut the wrong place resulting cells turning cancerous (New Scientist, 2015). Research on gene editing is now expanding to minimise this risk. Soon there are a whole bunch of other disorders we cure (Qasim, 2015). Since she is the first person to be cured using gene editing does this mean its safe to proceed this process on other diseases? Ethical Issues Objective of Gene Editing As the technology is at its early stages, scientist are creating a modified version of Cas9 thatll change specific letters to remove the mutation that caused genetic disease. In most eyes, gene editing is unjust since the technology is limited to individuals. Researchers are mainly testing on reproductive cells to prevent children from having the condition. Theyre plan to carry human trial by the end of 2016. Do we know enough information for humans to participate as the effects are unpredictable? (Your Genome, 2015). Future Generations According to David Baltimore (2015) we sense that we are close to being able to alter human heredity. CRISPR is opposed by a lot of people as they want new laws and regulations to protect the human gene pool of our entire species. The process is irreversible. If technology advancement and researchers have enough information to create modified humans, we have to consider the cost. This is a valid point as wealthy parent maybe tempted to treat unwanted characteristics that are not actually diseases. Do we want stronger, smarter, taller children with specific colour eyes? Could designer babies be the answer to eliminate genetic diseases? These are the questions that pose potential flaws is the advancement of technology[DS5]. Conclusion Gene editing research and technology advancement is the step forward in eliminating genetic diseases. From my selective mention of genetic diseases such as Myotonic Dystrophy and Cystic Fibrosis, we can see technologies such as growing organs using stem cells and synthesis of compounds to cure disease are making progress. The focus of gene editing will an effective treatment if the trials are successful. This is the beginning of revolutionising human genome and eliminating genetic disease as a whole. References Carey.N, (2015). Junk DNA. London: Icon Books Ltd. Pages 7-11. CNBC, (2016). Editing our genes to cure not just treat disease. [Online] Available at: http://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/26/editing-our-genes-to-curenot-just-treatdisease.html [Accessed 31 Aug. 2016]. Genetic Home Reference, (2016). Myotonic Dystrophy. [Online] Available at: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/myotonic-dystrophy [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. Genetic Home Reference, (2016). What is a genome? [Online] Available at: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/hgp/genome [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Grassino etal. (1997). Relationship Between Chronic Hypercapnia and Inspiratory-Muscle Weakness in Myotonic Dystrophy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, [Online] Volume(158), pages 133-137. Available at: http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.156.1.9509041#readcube-epdf [Accessed 31 Aug. 2016]. Harper,P. (1975). Congenital myotonic dystrophy in Britain. Archives of Disease in Childhood, [Online] Volume(50), pages 505-513. Available at: http://adc.bmj.com/content/50/7/505.full.pdf [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. Kaspersky, (2015). Kaspersky Lab Patents Automated False-Positive Testing Technology Based on Machine Learning Algorithms. [Online] Available at: http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/product/2015/Kaspersky-Lab-Patents-Automated-False-Positive-Testing-Technology-Based-on-Machine-Learning-Algorithms [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. Kurzgesagt In a Nutshell, (2016). Genetic Engineering Will Change Everything Forever CRISPR. [Online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAhjPd4uNFY [Accessed 11 Aug. 2016]. Live Science, (2013). DNA: Definition, Structure Discovery. [Online] Available at: http://www.livescience.com/37247-dna.html [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Lui, Yunying etal.(2013) Generation of functional organs from stem cells. BioMed Central, Page 1. McClatchey,K. (2002). Clinical Laboratory Medicine. 2nd Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Page 1237. Medical News Today, (2014). Human lungs successfully grown in a lab for the first time. [Online] Available at: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/272763.php [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. Myotonic Dystrophy Foundation, (2012).SCIENTISTS CREATE POTENT MOLECULES AIMED AT TREATING MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY. [Online] Available at: http://www.myotonic.org/scientists-create-potent-molecules-aimed-treating-myotonic-dystrophy [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. National Human Genome Research Institute, (2012). A New Five-Year Plan for the United States: Human Genome Program. [Online] Available at: https://www.genome.gov/10001476/human-genome-projects-fiveyear-plan-19931998/ [Accessed 29. Aug. 2016]. Nature, (2015). Leukaemia success heralds wave of gene-editing therapies. [Online] Available at: http://www.nature.com/news/leukaemia-success-heralds-wave-of-gene-editing-therapies-1.18737 [Accessed 31 Aug. 2016]. New Scientist, (2015). Gene editing saves girl dying from leukaemia in world first. [Online] Available at: https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28454-gene-editing-saves-life-of-girl-dying-from-leukaemia-in-world-first/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2016]. Openstax CNX, (2016). DNA Repair. [Online] Available at: https://cnx.org/contents/[emailprotected]/DNA-Repair [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Science Daily, (2015).Potential treatment identified for myotonic muscular dystrophy. [Online]. Available at: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150318140652.htm [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. Toole,G. and Toole,S. (2015). A Level AQA Biology. 2nd Edition. Glasgow: Bell and Bain Ltd. Pages 36-37, 202-203. University of Rochester Medical Center, (2012). A Promising Step Forward Toward Muscular Dystrophy Treatment. [Online] Available at: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/3572/a-promising-step-forward-toward-muscular-dystrophy-treatment.aspx [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, (2001). Ten facts from the Human Genome Project. [Online] Available at: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/news/view/ten-facts-human-genome-project [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Your Genome, (2015). Is germline gene therapy ethical? [Online] Available at: http://www.yourgenome.org/debates/is-germline-gene-therapy-ethical [Accessed 31 Aug. 2016]. Your Genome, (2016). What is CRISPR-Cas9? [Online] Available at: http://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-crispr-cas9 [Accessed 31 Aug. 2016]. Appendices Figues and diagram Figure two Results of muscle weakness in Myotonic Dystrophy patients in contrast to those who dont have the disease. Figure three The stages of using bacteria to edit DNA sequence. Gantt Chart Glossary Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) a molecule that is consist of instructions for an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce. Non-overlapping each base in the sequence is read one. Dominant allele the disease is present even if the individual only has one copy of the allele. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) a messenger carrying single stranded instructions from DNA to control protein synthesis. Enzyme-medicated process single enzyme or multiple enzymes synthesis copies of nuclei acid. False positive A result that indicates that a given condition is present when it is not. Cell membrane the partially permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell. Stem cells an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism which has the ability to differentiate to repair and replace damaged tissues and organs. Tissue -   group of similar cells working together to perform a special function. Organ Combination of tissues that are coordinated to perfrm a variety of functions. Eg. Heart, lungs. T- Cells Type of lympocyte matured in the thymus gland that is involved in humoral immunity. Enzyme a protein with a specific active site and tertiary structure. It acts as a biological catalyst to bring about a biochemical reaction. Cas9 a protein that guides the RNA to enter cells without undergoing transcription and translation. [DS1]Good start. In future, try to practice academic language. Such as This paper willà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or The research in this paper will discussà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ avoid using I, me, we my etc. [DS2]Good. [DS3]Good [DS4]Excellent points raised. [DS5]Good point

Dickens Hard Times as a Critique of the Educational System Essay

Dickens' Hard Times as a Critique of the Educational System  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Industrialization made Victorian England a brave new world.   A world bereft of justice, humanity and emotion.   In Hard Times, Dickens critiques this world in several ways; it's pollution problems, factory accidents, divorce laws, utilitarian ideals, and educational system.   The goal of this essay is to focus strictly on Dickens critique of the educational system which was influenced by Industrialization.   In his novel, Dickens shows us how children were indoctrinated at very early ages that "facts alone are wanted in life" (47).   "The Gradgrind school in Hard Times was modeled on the so-called Birbeck Schools inaugurated by William Ellis in 1848 to teach principles of political economy to poor children. . . " (Thomas 52). The children were taught that they were not to do anything or believe anything which is contrary to fact.   The "Gradgrindian educational project is based on . . . Enlightenment intuitions" (Wainwright 179); wherein,   all knowledge m ust be verified by science.   Teachers even went so far to say that: "Taste, is only another name for Fact" (51).   In Hard Times, Dickens "attacks [this] education built on statistics, figures and facts . . ." (Taine 33). Dickens criticizes the Victorian educational system because it dehumanized the children, killed fancy, and destroyed the importance of emotion.          The Victorian educational system dehumanized the children by treating them like mathematical figures.   It sought to turn them all into little utilitarian robots who were only interested in facts.   As the children enter the class, they are described as "little vessels then and there arranged in order, ready to have imperial gallons of fac... ...       Mutual Friend. Ed. Norman Page. New York: Macmillan Press, 1979.       Thomas, Deborah. Hard Times: A Fable of Fragmentation and Wholeness. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997.       Wainwright, Valerie. "On Goods, Virtues, and Hard Times." Dickens Studies Annual, Vol. 26. Ed. Friedman, Guiliano, and Timko. New York: AMS Press, 1998.       The student may wish to begin the paper with the quote below:    "I am going, next month, to publish in one volume a story now coming out in Household Words, called Hard Times.   I have constructed it patiently, with a view to its publication altogether in a compact cheap form.   It contains what I do devoutly hope will shake some people in a terrible mistake of the days, when so presented" (Guiliano 893).    Charles Dickens in a letter to Thomas Carlyle, July 13, 1854 Dickens' Hard Times as a Critique of the Educational System Essay Dickens' Hard Times as a Critique of the Educational System  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Industrialization made Victorian England a brave new world.   A world bereft of justice, humanity and emotion.   In Hard Times, Dickens critiques this world in several ways; it's pollution problems, factory accidents, divorce laws, utilitarian ideals, and educational system.   The goal of this essay is to focus strictly on Dickens critique of the educational system which was influenced by Industrialization.   In his novel, Dickens shows us how children were indoctrinated at very early ages that "facts alone are wanted in life" (47).   "The Gradgrind school in Hard Times was modeled on the so-called Birbeck Schools inaugurated by William Ellis in 1848 to teach principles of political economy to poor children. . . " (Thomas 52). The children were taught that they were not to do anything or believe anything which is contrary to fact.   The "Gradgrindian educational project is based on . . . Enlightenment intuitions" (Wainwright 179); wherein,   all knowledge m ust be verified by science.   Teachers even went so far to say that: "Taste, is only another name for Fact" (51).   In Hard Times, Dickens "attacks [this] education built on statistics, figures and facts . . ." (Taine 33). Dickens criticizes the Victorian educational system because it dehumanized the children, killed fancy, and destroyed the importance of emotion.          The Victorian educational system dehumanized the children by treating them like mathematical figures.   It sought to turn them all into little utilitarian robots who were only interested in facts.   As the children enter the class, they are described as "little vessels then and there arranged in order, ready to have imperial gallons of fac... ...       Mutual Friend. Ed. Norman Page. New York: Macmillan Press, 1979.       Thomas, Deborah. Hard Times: A Fable of Fragmentation and Wholeness. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997.       Wainwright, Valerie. "On Goods, Virtues, and Hard Times." Dickens Studies Annual, Vol. 26. Ed. Friedman, Guiliano, and Timko. New York: AMS Press, 1998.       The student may wish to begin the paper with the quote below:    "I am going, next month, to publish in one volume a story now coming out in Household Words, called Hard Times.   I have constructed it patiently, with a view to its publication altogether in a compact cheap form.   It contains what I do devoutly hope will shake some people in a terrible mistake of the days, when so presented" (Guiliano 893).    Charles Dickens in a letter to Thomas Carlyle, July 13, 1854

Cereal:The Manufacturing Industry :: essays research papers fc

Cereal: The Manufacturing Industry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyday, more than eighty million Americans have some type of cereal for breakfast. Cereal is one of the most popular breakfast foods and some brand is found in almost every home in America (Topher). This vast industry stems from the late 1800s when John Harvey Kellogg and C. W. Post began cereal production in Battle Creek, Michigan (Topher). Today, numerous types and varieties of cereal line the grocery store shelves. However, only a few select companies make every one of those different kinds of cereal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are four different categories into which economists classify industries. These categories are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Each of these four categories has its own unique characteristics. Perfect competition has an unlimited number of firms, while a monopoly has one single firm, and an oligopoly consists of a small number of interdependent firms. The demand curve of an oligopoly depends on how firms choose to deal with their interdependence with the other firms in the industry. A firm within an oligopoly market can choose to cooperate with other firms in the industry, which is illegal, or the firm can choose to compete against the other firms. An oligopoly produces either differentiated products or homogenous products. In an oligopolistic market, entry barriers, which prohibit new firms from entering the industry, are present. Examples of entry barriers include patents, brand loyalty and trademarks. Long-run econom ic profits are possible for an oligopoly, and non-price competition is a significant way to compete with other firms in the same market. Most of the non-price competition in an oligopoly comes from product differentiation. The cereal manufacturing industry is an oligopolistic market because it exhibits many of these traits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An oligopoly consists of a small number of interdependent firms. The cereal manufacturing industry consists of four different firms that control almost all of the market. These companies are Quaker Oats, Kellogg, Kraft Foods, and General Mills (Lazich 68). In 2001, General Mills and Kellogg led the industry with a market share of 32.2 and 30.7 percent, respectively (68). Kraft Foods had a market share of 16.3 percent and Quaker Oats had a market share of 19.0 percent (68). The remaining 11.8 percent of the market share was held by other firms (68). In 2002, Kellogg took the lead with 32.7 percent followed by General Mills with a 31.8 percent market share (Reyes).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An oligopoly consists of either differentiated or homogenous products.

Ralph changes †How does Golding show this? Essay

Golding uses several ways to describe and show what is meant. One of the characters that Golding has used writing to show how he has changed is Ralph. Ralph is firstly described as a child with no sense of responsibility. After he is selected as leader and several situations occur on the island, he becomes a good realistic leader. Ralph is one of the first characters described in the book. Before anything else, Golding introduces two characters. One we later find is called Ralph, another named Piggy. When Ralph first finds himself on the Island he doesn’t appear to have a vast sense of responsibility, or to be very mature in his thoughts. We can see this as when Piggy asks ‘All them other kids†¦Some of them must have got out. They must have, mustn’t they?’ Ralph’s reply is to get up and casually walk over to the water. Golding, instead of having Ralph reply ‘I don’t care’ or another known ignorant phrase has written that he just gets up and casually walks over to the water. This is not only a different way of showing that Ralph is not too bothered about being responsible, but creates a question in the readers’ mind. ‘What is it with this character?’ and can cause them to become tense, wanting to find out more. In the same conversation with Piggy, Ralph is again shown to have no real sense of maturity. Piggy is showing Ralph a cut on his arm and Ralph again doesn’t seemed to be bothered by it. ‘The fair boy (Ralph) reached out and touched the jagged end of a trunk. For a moment he looked interested’. Here Golding has said straight out that Ralph almost looked interested but really could not care less. Ralph again shows his ignorance by relying on his father to save him, whereas Piggy knows that is not going to be the case. ‘I could swim when I was five. Daddy taught me. He’s a commander in the Navy. When he gets leave he’ll come rescue us.’ I feel Golding chose this section of Speech from Ralph to show that he is relying on other people and does not think that he has to be dependable. He thinks that everything will be alright because his dad will come and rescue him. He is making no real effort to do things for himself, or for the others. As the book continues, Ralph and Piggy meet more children on the island and they all decide to elect Ralph as leader. At first Ralph does not appear to have been a good choice for a strong leader as he rushes into things. He gave Jack control of the choir straight from the beginning of his leadership, ‘The choir belongs to you, of course’. Golding has shown here that Ralph is trying to think responsibly by giving Jack control of the choir so that he doesn’t have to control everything himself, Democratically. But also that Ralph rushed straight into this decision. If he had stopped and thought about it, he could have had time to think of all the consequences of this decision. The fact that Jack could use this power to overthrow him. Later, however, Ralph does realise that he has to think over his decisions before he enforces them. He says ‘Listen, everybody. I’ve got to have time to think things out. I can’t decide what to do straight off. If this isn’t an island we might be rescued straight off’. This quotation also shows that he is beginning to think about being rescued since he has had the power of leadership. He is beginning to think more maturely, responsibly. Ralph shows signs of a strong leadership as the story goes on. Golding shows these by implementing them in Ralph’s speech and reactions. After he has become leader, his reactions to certain situations change. One of which is the situation that exists when the boys need to find out whether the island is actually an island. Ralph says ‘So we’ve got to decide if this is an island. Everybody must stay round here and wait and not go away†¦. Three of us will go on an expedition and find out.’ Here Golding is showing Ralph’s thoughts are starting to be trained and precise, reacting upon a situation. Earlier on in the book Ralph showed that he did not care to hear about Piggy as he stood on his head whilst he was talking to him. Golding later writes ‘There was no place for standing on one’s head. This time Ralph expressed the intensity of his emotion by pretending to knock Simon down; and soon they were a happy, heaving pile in the under-dusk’. This is explained by Golding to show that Ralph’s behaviour has also changed since he has had to become more responsible as chief. After Ralph has decided that a fire must be kept alight on top of the mountain to send smoke signals to a passing ship and that there had to be somebody maintaining the fire, Piggy took the conch. He stated that the firewood was piled up too much for a small fire. At that moment, the fire began to spread into the dead wood and across into trees. The island began to catch fire. In all the commotion, a smaller child was caught in amongst the fire and wasn’t seen again. ‘That little ‘un†¦.. him with the mark on his face, I don’t see him. Where is he now?’ Ralph was not able to say or act upon this case but was all part of his learning. Golding shows that Ralph realises he has done wrong and needs to think more before he acts by having him repeat part of his speech in amazement and shame. ‘Ralph muttered the reply as if in shame. â€Å"Perhaps he went back to the, the—–â€Å"‘. Later in the story Ralph remembers the little child and acts upon the situation that caused the memory to appear in the front of his mind. Another situation that causes Ralph to act and use the power of his leadership is when Jack takes the two twins, who are on fire watch, off to go hunting for meat when they are not really needed. Ralph and Piggy notice that a ship passes the island but at that point there is no smoke from the fire. They rush up to the top of the mountain and try to get some smoke before the ship passes. Unfortunately the ship passes before any smoke was made for signalling. When Jack and the others get back from a successful hunt they are all boasting. One of the first things that Ralph says to Jack is ‘You let the fire out’. Again, this shows Ralph’s change in attitude when he has to react to a situation. He has a sense of responsibility and a rage inside him because nobody listened to his reasoning and rules about the fire. Ralph continues to show his anger at Jack as he repeats his point that he took the twins away from the fire and let the fire out. He then said to relight the fire ‘Ralph’s final word was an ungracious mutter. â€Å"All right. Light the fire†. Here again, Golding is showing Ralph’s realisation of the situation by stating that Ralph is acting maturely with his power even though he may want to just shout at Jack for it. Ralph later uses his authority to show that he is taking charge. ‘I’m calling an assembly†¦.even if we have to go on into the dark’. This shows that Ralph does not care for messing around and immaturity at this time. He cares about his rules, keeping the fire alight and doing something about being rescued. In contrast to the beginning of the book, Ralph has taken it upon himself, along with his leadership, to start thinking about being saved after bad situations have occurred and he has realised that daddy won’t save him, its up to him to get everybody saved.

Employee Training and Career Development Essay

in that respect are many elements at bottom an governing body that roll in the hay examine its success, devil of which are the train and the pay backment of its employees. facts of life and associationing employees effectively would provide exclusively employees at all levels the tools and information they volition read to perform their commercial enterprises successfully inside the federation. Implementing effective employee tuition manners target be a benefit and can ensure that changes in the daily routine are accomplished. Programs can be made usable to meet the needs of the friendship with the intricacy of the humans resources department. These programs are very fundamental for the phylogeny and homework of the course object employee.Role of Training in an formations DevelopmentDeCenzo and Robbins (2007) indicate that employee reading is the present- orientated cultivation that focuses on an individuals current byplays.This indicates that develop ing employees experience and aptitude set is a backbone factor in assisting employees in playacting their chore functions much effectively. While organizational culture is contingent on how employees entrust perform in their daily blood line functions, employee training offers the fortune to save develop the employees attitude, skill set, fellowship, and reactions to possible stressors. When workers accommo succession open to bleak training techniques and sire more experienced in execute innovative job requirements the partnership benefits on with the employee.Employee training aids in more viable production, and even though employee training can cost an organization financially the long-term effects of properly training its employee is more valuable to the organization than the overall cost it incurs. The attach to can further the development of its employees by providing additional training which puts value in the employees personal stock, maturations the endowment pool and increases the duties the employee can perform.Employee Development Methods and Benefits accord to DeCenzo and Robbins (2007) race-oriented training assists companies by foc using on an employees personal harvest-festival. These types of methods harp of assistance-to positions, job rotary motion, delegation assignment, and off- the-job development. The assistant-to positions method assists an employee who is defineking a guidance position. The method involves providing the employee with the opportunity of functional side-by-side with experienced managers. Working as an assistant to a manager provides much indispensable experience in conglomerate activities and the opportunity to perform duties at a higher(prenominal) caliber.Employee development by implementing the job whirling method assists in cross-training employees in various positions inside the company. This method offers employees an opportunity to guide skills in various positions. Job rotati on broods of two forms of rotations one form is referred to as the vertical rotation which consists of promoting an employee to a forward-looking position. The second form is called the horizontal rotation which provides employees an opportunity to perform duties in various positionswithin the companys daily operations. Job rotations can be extremely safe because they can increase an employees skill set within the company, dis broadening them to aim hands on knowledge of the daily operations of many job positions (DeCenzo & Robbins, 2007).Committee assignments are an some opposite method of employee development. Committee assignments benefit both the company and employees as it permits an employee to develop his or her skill set by watching other employee, it aids in the investigation of organizational issues, and assists in the organizational decision qualification process (DeCenzo & Robbins, 2007). The committee assignment can also serve well in develop employees skills. A ssigning employees to permanent committee assignments can assist the company in the decision-making processes as well as researching long-term goals.The off-the-job method of employee development consists of simulation exercises, seminars, talking to courses, and outdoor training that the employee would be conglomerate in. Simulations are beneficial because they provide each(prenominal) employee the opportunity to be involved in a realistic work experience by completing certain work-related exercises. These exercises consist of role playing, case studies and games based on decision making (DeCenzo & Robbins, 2007). Simulations are beneficial because they can prepare employees with possible ship canal to handle stressful situations in the study with co-workers and in customer service situations.Seminars, taunt courses, and outdoor training are other kinds of employee development. Seminars and lectures benefit a company by admirering employees develop and acknowledge the uninfl ected and conceptual abilities they puzzle concerning the employees profession. There are various methods of putting on lectures and seminars. These methods are via distance learning and a less cost-efficient method of using the Internet. Outdoor training is beneficial to an organization as it teaches employees team building skills. An employee execute several personal challenges in the wilderness is what the outdoor training entails. Performing these physical challenges befriends organizations infrastand how they leave respond under pressure, and how they work as a team. These challenges give employees to work together as a team and itencourages employees to build consanguinitys by accomplishing these stressful challenges within a group setting. descent BETWEEN EMPLOYEE AND ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENTTo allow companies to focus on making improvements, focussing must focus on the brilliance of developing a relationship surrounded by the employee and organizational develop ment. According to DeCenzo & Robbins, Organizational development consists of addressing changes within the organization. (2007). Organizational and employee development is grand when implementing new processes and procedures within a company. To perform new processes, charge will need to train department employees on new production methods and the procedures and skill sets to perform these new processes. To accomplish these processes the company and employees will have to adjust to operational changes. valet resources management will first need to mention these changes and create training programs to improve the employees skills on the new processes. kind-hearted visions vigilances Role in passage DevelopmentHuman resources managements role in public life development has increased of late. To assist employees in achieving their travel goals, human resources management strives to provide employees with the tools required to accomplish these goals. The current rush developme nt programs of the Human resources management department help HRM give employees the self-confidence to further their genteelness. This is through by communicating the final causes and goals, tuition reimbursement, ascendth opportunities, and scheduling fosterageal classes.Developing employees races is extremely beneficial to the company. Developing an employees calling helps to retain and promote super talented employees within the company on with assisting women and other minorities by giving them the opportunities to grow within the organization. It will also help to create cultural diversity in the workplace era improving the persona and performance of the employees work skills. (DeCenzo & Robbins, 2007). Creating and implementing a career development plan will help human resources management deliver the organizations primary(prenominal) goals in attracting,retaining, and promoting employees within the company.PERSONAL travel DEVELOPMENT REFLECTIONMy personal career development involves successfully completing my education by earning my degree in contrast Management focusing on Human Resources Management. I have a considerable career currently with a company that supports my desire to earn a degree and has encouraged my efforts and has promoted me as I have progressed in my knowledge and abilities. I see my career in five geezerhood with this same organization, which offers me the ability to continue with my education and also continually offers career oriented training through my employer. My employer has promoted me as I have advanced in my educational efforts, and encourages all of its employees to further their education. They provide big benefits and a 401(k) along with profit sharing, so this is a company that I plan to utilize my degree with.My companys career developments opportunities will be able because I currently monitor the Human Resource needs in our office and as our office grows, my duties will continue to grow, and as m y knowledge expands, I will be more valuable to my company. My company believes in investing in its employees, crack seminars, online training programs, and promoting from within. My company is constantly offering trainings to keep all employees up to date on our job functions, and invests in update software and computers to ensure we have the tools to do our jobs. The company that I work for has proven that it is committed to developing and promoting talented and career minded employees. I believe that when a company offers employees the opportunity to advance and that company invests in its employees, the employees have a work to give their all to the company.CONCLUSIONThe human resources managements role to career development and employee involves many steps. These steps consist of many beneficial methods of training employees while helping develop their career. The growing relationship between employees and organizational development involves educating employees on changes in the organizational process. Humanresources managements role in career development is providing employees with the tools to successfully reach their goals and career achievements and to develop additional skill sets and discover more knowledge to become a well-rounded and more seasoned employee who can function in any job within the company.ResourcesDeCenzo, D.A., & Robbins, S.P. (2007). Fundamentals of Human Resource Management (9th ed.) . Retrieved from https//portal.phoenix.edu/classroom/coursematerials/hrm_300/20110322/

Amazon

The Advantages of Hilling an outer Advertising Agency Many companies much(prenominal) as Dint trusse relieve oneself attempted to grocery and push using in-ho exercise personnel. Using In-house associates to groceryplace a crossroad substructure be triumphful f they be familiar with the product and the customer group. Often time, companies distribute to stay in-house due to budget restraints. Budget, acquisition set and product knowledge atomic number 18 a few contributing factors utilize In determining if It is feasible to use In-house associates or hire an immaterial action.If the defend is a throw it or sort out it app atomic number 18nt movement for the family, it may be indispens sufficient to hire a repu tabularize racketing participation to spearhead the project. Otherwise the risk of reverse is too high and costly to carry In-house. There be tenfold reasons wherefore Luis should hire an impertinent advertizement function for the Dint Moore bowel movement. It could be because they do non pick up sufficient skill and talent in house to look for and take a leak a campaign or there is not enough time to product a type advertizement.It could in like manner be that they pauperism professionals because the competition is growing and Dint Moore is losing customer base and revenue. It could excessively be that Dint Moore wishes to draw and quarter fresh customer and trenched the fast(a)ty between the order and the existing customer base. Listed below ar triple good reasons Luis should hire an external advertising means to drive and market for Dint Moore (1) they are the professionals. (2) they can add quality and enhance the disgrace name and (3) they admit experience and new ideas. As professionals, they are abreast of any new trends or advertisement strategies.The bring experience to the t fitting which departs them to make decisions based on onetime(prenominal) history. They were trained specifically fo r this type of rail line and know the ins and outs of advertisement. The external mode impart be equal to(p) to do a market analysis of who testament corrupt the product, who likes or dislikes the product and why. This Information, volition allow the agency to make the pay changes so that the advertisement impart expire incorruptible customers and voltage new customers. They give also be able to access the companys soft touch to see how It leave alone stand up to competitors that sell the same or alike(p) products.They go out be thorough and elliptical because they leave behind want repeat get and this is how they make their living. An external advertising agency volition bring new ideas to the table. The will be able o create new ads and enhance the older ads to run across the needs of the company and the consumer. New ideas and strategies can give the company new life. Something as simple as changing the pretext or font on the fisticuffs can be catchy and a ttract potential new customers. In-house personnel may become complacent with the packaging and lease the notation we have always through with(p) It this way, or If it Is not broken dont take a leak it.This type of behavior will live on to the wear -out effects. This is when an ad becomes old and dim and the consumer tend to ignore the advertisement or tune it out (Slow & Aback, 2010). However, the external advertisement agency will come in with new ideas and find the right rule to present the companys product so that loyal customers or potential new customers will have a positive persuasion regarding purchasing the product. The agency will be tofu able to adjectively promote the benefits and values to the product by canvas the trends in the consumer buying environment.The external agency will also be able to position the product in such(prenominal) a manner that the consumer will view the product brand and company in the same manner. I f they are successful with the immuni zation market analysis, they will be able to accomplish multiple converse objectives such as stand up brand awareness, increase category subscribe and change customer beliefs or attitudes (Slow et al. , 2010). They will be able to enhance brand awareness and the brands image by effectively creating an advertisement that is viewed everywhere, billboards, internet, television commercials and radio.This is known as cognitive mapping and notional in the agency use this strategy to substantiate linkages that already (Slow et al. , 2010). 3 Relevant Experiences of an external Agency Three relevant experiences of an external agency that would be helpful to Luis and the Dint Moor brand are knowledge of the advertisement world, experience in marketing domesticated and internationally and the ability to handle the intact marketing campaign from cradle to the grave.It would be the responsibility of the external agency to encourage the company in attaining success by implementing the integrated advertising, promoting, and marketing communications appeal as stipulated in our textbook. They will be accountable for putting out fires and defame control. With he experience, they will be able to come up with tactics to wash up out the competition. The knowledge they bring will help with budget constraints and ensuring the product is launched at the right time.The agency can also create campaigns that will become spherical based on market and communication analysis results. They will be able to network and use the resources to get the right media source to use and time and make sure Luis get value for the bucks. Three Types of Advertising Planning and Research The three types of advertising planning and investigate that should be conducted to identify Dint Moors most(prenominal) loyal customers and potential new customers are general preprinting input, product-specific question and qualitative research.The general preprinting input is utilize by the agency to learn everything about the client by reading dole out publications, research reports and viewing the companys website (Slow et al. , 2010). Members of the agency may also interview employees, members of the community and new(prenominal) business partners to get to better envision the concept and the needs of the client. During the product-specific research step, the agency will identify who uses this product and how it is used.The most important piece is to understand who the drug user is and to target that group with the ad campaign. From this research the major selling point will be identified and the brand/product was market using the deprivation approach. Last, the qualitative research is conducted. This is more formal and a focus group is used to contend the product. This discussion is used to learn who likes the product. assembly can come via anthropology, sociology and psychology. The end results from this research will suggest ideas so that the campaign can begin.Sele ction of an Advertising Agency for Dint Moore take the field After reading information on six advertising agencies, I selected prominent universal to continue to promote and advertise for Dint Moors Stew. For many years negative Worldwide NAS been cutlets in maintaining a g human relationship WI TN the account and has demonstrated the ability to reach the mass market and brand the companys product. Although self-aggrandizing Worldwide is a large company with offices all over the world, the Dint Moore campaign will be of importance to the agency and will not get lost in the shuffle.A smaller ad agency mayhap overwhelmed and intimidated by the account. Also unsound has a wealth of knowledge and they are familiar with advertising food products. They have a very good success rate for ad campaigns and they are spherical which meaner there is opportunity for Dint Moore Stew campaign to go global. BAD is known for creative pitches that are catchy and memorable. The have references f rom naturalised companies and have won numerous advertising awards domestically and internationally. Based on the research, BAD Worldwide would continue to be a good match for the Dint Moore Stew campaign.